Some Population Changes among the Kaiadilt People of Bentinck Island, Queensland
Norman B Tindale
Records of the South Australian Museum
Volume 14, Number 2, 27th July 1962
(I have taken the PDF file available on the South Australian website and
converted it to text using the Optical Character Recognition software
FreeOCR which is available to download at http://www.freeocr.net/.)
NB The original article is available here .
The article "Geographical Knowledge of the Kaiadilt People of Bentinck Island, Queensland" is available here .
Paul Mackett 2008
Page 297
SOME POPULATION CHANGES AMONG THE KAIADILT
PEOPLE OF BENTINCK ISLAND, QUEENSLAND
BY NORMAN B TINDALE, Curator of Anthropology and
Acting Director, South Australian Museum
Plates 10-11 and text fig 1-2
CONTENTS
Summary 297
Introduction 298
Population controls 301
Population density 302
Population statistics for Bentinck Island 304
Data regarding causes of death 308
Growth and decline of the Bentinck Island population 311
Factors involved in population changes 315
Introduction to list of the inhabitants of
Bentinck Island, given as Appendix A 316
Appendix A. List of the known inhabitants of the
Kaiadilt tribe, of Bentinck Island, Queensland,
to June 1960 319
SUMMARY
This paper records the rise, and decline of a small isolated
population of Australian aborigines on Bentinck Island, Queensland.
After two or more generations of steady and slow increase to a peak
of 123 persons in 1942, five years of decline brought about by less
favourable conditions reduced the population to 58. Some removed
from outlying islands by official intervention were eventually restored
to the community after it was transferred to Mornington Island
following white contact in 1948 Thereafter from a minimal popula-
tion of 71 in 1951 they have increased again to 80 persons in 1960 .
Page 298
Data given enables observation of the course of this population change
in a simple hunting or foraging community, not in contact with other
peoples. Their experiences illustrate some of the forces moulding
tribal populations of people at the Stone Age level of culture.
The researches were supported by a grant from the Wenner Gren
Foundation for Anthropological Research. Full acknowledgment is
given to those who assisted the project at page 294 of this volume of
the Museum Records.
A two-paged summary of the contents of this paper was published
in the 'Abstracts' of papers for the Tenth Pacific Science Congress
held in Honolulu, August, 1961 (Tindale 1961).
INTRODUCTION
Bentinck Island is the centre of a small series of islands with an
area of some 53 square miles situated in the southern curve of the
Gulf of Carpentaria. It probably became an island group only when
the Post-Glacial rise of sea-level flooded the Gulf. It had previously
been a part of the Great Australian plain which extended across to
New Guinea during the last cold phases of the Pleistocene and also
during earlier cold phases of the Ice Age. Bentinck Island has varied
in size. During the highest sea levels of Mid-Recent time (5000 B.P.)
its total land area must have been reduced to close on one-half, as
indicated by a shore line of eustatic type at approximately 10 feet
above present sea level.
The Kaiadilt, a small tribe of dark Australian aboriginals, have
occupied Bentinck Island for centuries. They were first known to
exist when the explorer, Matthew Flinders, met six of them on an
off-shore islet in 1802. Despite this early encounter the people avoided
further close contacts with Westerners until 1948, although largely
ineffective earlier efforts were made to meet them by Government
officials, missionaries, and by would-be usurpers of their island.
Between 1940 and 1948 there occurred a series of events which had
drastic effects on the wellbeing of this people. The happenings
included inter-hordal conflicts, accidental drownings by loss of small
rafts during inter-island crossings, a long continued drought of serious
effect, and finally an abnormal tide or tidal wave, in February 1948.
This tide inundated the island for the greater part of a day, rising to
about 12 feet above the highest normal tide mark. The water in effect
reoccupied what is estimated to have been the maximum Post-Glacial
shoreline, often in Australia called the 'Ten Foot' Terrace.
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Fairbridge (1958, 1960) suggests that this terrace may have been the
result of two relative still stands of the seas, an earlier and longer
phase which he calls the Older Peronian, and a shorter, the Newer
Peronian Terrace. He dates the end of the second phase to about
3500 B.P. (1540 B.C.) and the earlier phase to near 5000 B.P.
(3040 B.C.).
A previous paper in these Records, Tindale (1962), supplies
details of the geographical and modern historical backgrounds for
this study, and provides a map on which are shown the boundaries of
the several divisions of the Kaiadilt tribe.
Genealogical studies detailed herein suggest that in 1940 there
was a population of 119 persons, divided among eight dolnoro or
territorially defined hordes. This population slowly increased from
103 persons present in 1910 to 123 persons in 1942.
Early in 1940 members, substantially of one dolnoro (horde-like
unit), engaged in a quarrel and after fights with others, escaped to
the outlying Allen Island, within their territory, but an area not
permanently inhabited, because of the unreliable nature of its water
supplies. They journeyed on rafts, losing three persons by drowning
during the crossing of some eight miles of water which intervenes.
A native from Mornington Island Mission who landed on Allen
Island from a dinghy, while on a mail-carrying journey to Burketown,
was killed. Police rounded up and removed the survivors of the
Bentinck Island horde to Aurukun, a Mission Station on the eastern
side of the Gulf.
The remainder of the Bentinck Island population, now reduced to
some 107, who were ignorant of the fate of their kinsfolk, remained
out of contact with other peoples until 1945, excepting for an attack
they made on personnel of a Royal Australian Air Force launch,
anchored off Sweers Island during a gale, in 1943, when one Kaiadilt
man was shot.
Rainfall records available from adjoining areas imply that there
were years of reduced rainfall between 1942 and 1945. Water supplies
normally are obtained from soaks and seepages at sea level. These
derive from domes of fresh water trapped within the sands of the
island following the heavy rains of the North-West Monsoon
(December to March). Water itself is not remembered as presenting
any special problem, but vegetable foods were stated to have
been scarce and fishing was poor in 1945 and 1946.
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Available rain records from surrounding areas suggest
the summer rains generally were near to normal in 1946 and 1947 but on
Bentinck Island there was severe famine.
In 1946 the culmination of several years of less than average rain
brought stresses to a head. Inter-hordal friction was renewed; of 96
persons on the island at the beginning of 1946 only some 87 survived
a year later.
In late 1946 or early 1947 fourteen of nineteen persons, predom-
inantly of a second dolnoro, were drowned while going to Allen Island
by raft. Those who escaped say they had hoped to obtain better
food supplies; water then was not critically short. These five surviving
persons were discovered by the missionaries at Mornington, to be
on Allen Island, and were removed to Mornington Island. When
found, they were in distress from shortages of water and probably
would have died if they had not been rescued.
Of 58 persons who remained alive on Bentinck Island following
the departure of these unsuccessful voyagers, a further sixteen died
between early 1947 and mid-1948, after which, through the intervention
of the Mission authorities on Mornington Island, all survivors were
evacuated, the last leaving Bentinck Island in October.
Most of the deaths in the last year are attributed to effects of a
culminating blow which struck this island population. This coup de
grace was a seemingly unprecedented high tide during February 1948.
The coastal dunes were inundated and the sands flooded with sea
water, rendering useless their normal water supplies. Frantic searches
for water-bearing frogs, which pass the dry season buried in the dried
muds of rainy season pools and ponds, marked the last days of the
residence of the remaining Kaiadilt people on the island.
When brought together on Mornington Island there were only 83
persons representing the original 119 of the Kaiadilt population of
1940, including all those born in the intervening time and those held
at Aurukun.
Several of those rescued from the stresses on Bentinck Island died
from the effects of their experiences. The rest, who by 1951 numbered
only 71, received careful medical treatment and their numbers then
began to increase. They now live in a, small endogamous community,
an enclave within the territory of the Lardiil tribe, on Mornington
Island, under the care of the Presbyterian Mission; those at Aurukun
eventually were brought back into the group. Between 1951 and 1960,
after the initial losses of weakened persons between 1948 and 1950,
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there has been a steady population increase from 71 to 80. When
some further genealogical enquiries have been completed it will
probably be possible to establish some ideas on the capacity for
increase of the Kaiadilt people.
This paper thus records stages in a natural calamity which had
the sudden effect of reducing a population to about 60 per cent of its
former size. In fact this population presents us with the possibility
of examining a small breeding group, maintained in isolation, subjected
to abnormal climatic and other forces, of kinds which we may infer
have occurred from time to time in the past. The happenings took
place while living on Bentinck Island under natural conditions, without
any buffering or direct intervention by Westerners during critical
phases of their period of stress.
No detailed account of any similar sequence of events has been
obtained. The facts therefore may be of some assistance in enabling
researchers to visualize some of the kinds of events which have played
a part in moulding the fate of early human populations.
There is a time limit on the situation, a maximum of 7,000 years
since the islands were formed (Tindale 1962). There is the probability
that, during the Climatic Optimum (Ten Foot Terrace) of Mid-Recent
times (about 5000 B.P.), the island group was reduced effectively to
no more than half its present size, probably with more than corres-
ponding reduction in its carrying capacity. Its present area may not
have been re-established permanently until some 3,500 years ago. The
situation is likely to be most useful for several kinds of studies in
microevolution. In this regard the blood grouping evidence reported
by Simmons, Tindale, and Birdsell (1962, in press) is likely also to
provide ample scope for theoretical discussion and thought.
POPULATION CONTROLS
Earl (1846, p. 251) was one of the first to give thought to popula-
tion controls among Australians. A principle he enunciated for
northern Australia was that 'the amount of the population upon a
certain tract of country, is great or small in proportion to the quantity
of vegetable food it produces'.
This principle may be sound for other than shore dwellers but
where seafoods are available, as among the Kaiadilt it is not likely to
be correct.
These 'strand dwellers' so predominantly use the products of
the sea in their diet, that it can be said that they are properly
Page 302
inhabitants of the littoral zone and only relatively casual visitors to
real land. Among the Kaiadilt, women's work is tied closely to the
actic zone (in its sense of the strip of half-land between high and low
water marks). At low tide they gather tjilangind (small rock oysters),
kulpanda (Arca mud cockles), and the denizens of mud holes and rock
pools, retreating only at high tide to their camps under the sheoak
trees just above tide mark (pl. 10, fig. 1) or to inland areas of land
to dig for roots and stems of 'edible' trees and vines, to catch grass-
hoppers for food and to glean the few varieties of seeds and fruits
which the sandy dune and salt-marsh environments yield to them.
Wood for fires, armsful of dry grass for camps, and plant fibres for
ropes and string are the chief products of the land essential to their
well-being.
Males explore the wider littoral, either walking up to their waists
or chest in water or drifting over deeper reefs on their rafts of logs
lashed together; at half tide either spearing fish trapped behind the
walls of their stone fish traps or standing motionless for hours on the
edge of outer reef channels waiting, in the hope of spearing a dugong,
a turtle, or a shark. It is woman's work to repair fish trap walls and
take the small fry among the fish trapped when the traps are almost
dry. It is man's privilege to spear the larger fish cornered while the
water is still deep.
The long list of totem names in the genealogies attached to this
paper give a fair indication of the foods on which their main attention
is focussed, incidentally drawing attention also to the sun, moon, rain,
south-east wind, and waterspouts which control their lives, the rafts
which carry them, the sheoak trees of the beach under whose half-
shade their camps are placed, the crude palaeolithic fist axes,
tjilanganda or mariwu, with which they open their oysters and 'break'
the wood for the poles of their rafts, paddles, and fighting clubs, and
the baler shells for knives, with which they out and scrape their spears
and spearthrowers and the flesh of the marine animals that they kill.
POPULATION DENSITY
A map of the island appears in an earlier paper in this Journal
(Tindale 1962), where the boundaries of the several hordes are shown.
The areas occupied by the eight dolnoro or hordes of the Kaiadilt
people are also shown in the following table, which gives, in square
miles, figures for the various types of country available to them. The
areas were calculated indirectly, by cutting up a photographic copy of
the map and weighing the several portions on a sensitive balance.
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AREA OF THE BENTINCK ISLAND GBOUP (in square miles)
Total Total Land Area Area of Area of Reef
Area Area excluding Reefs Interior and
With Without Reefs and Claypans Claypan
Reefs Reefs Interior
Claypans
Dolnoro S 4.5 3.5 1.5 1.0 2.0 3.0
Dolnoro T 9.8 9.0 7.8 0.8 1.2 2.0
Dolnoro U 9.6 7.3 6.5 2.3 0.8 3.1
Dolnoro V 11.3 9.4 5.2 1.9 4.2 6.1 includes Baltae Island
Dolnoro W 5.0 3.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 3.5
Dolnoro X 3.8 2.0 1.2 1.8 0.8 2.6 includes Dalwaii Island
Dolnoro Y 5.8 5.3 4.3 0.5 1.0 1.5
Dolnoro Z 7.0 5.0 1.2 2.0 3.8 5.8
Total 56.8 44.5 29.2 12.3 15.3 27.6
Sweers Island 5.8 4.2 3.9 1.6 0.3 1.9
Allen Island 4.8 2.8 2.6 2.0 0.2 2.2
Horseshoe Island 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.6 - 0.6
All others 1.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 - 0.9
Total other Islands 13.2 8.1 7.6 5.1 0.5 5.6
Total all Islands 70.0 52.6 36.8 17.4 15.8 33.2
From these calculations it is apparent that the total area of the
islands, including their littoral, is about 70 square miles of which some
53 square miles are land. There are large areas of interior claypan
covering 30 per cent of this land surface. Areas of littoral comprise
approximately 25 per cent of the island area. As indicated elsewhere
in this paper this was the most important part of their territory.
At first sight there seems to be little direct relationship between
total-areas of-land or land-plus-reef, and population. If we compare
the figures for 1940 when the area was being used at about greatest
pressure, just as the intensified interhordal fighting broke out, fore-
shadowing the collapse of their regime, we see many difficulties in
interpreting land use among them directly in terms of persons per
square mile.
Page 304
A Kaiadilt man gave us one clue. Dolnoro S, U, and X people
have reef areas which they can work throughout both the N.W. and
S.E. trade wind seasons, their N.W. season fish traps, etc., being built
on the lee side, and so protected, and the rest protected during
the opposite season. Some other hordes-people can only be sure of fish
supplies for about one-half of the year because fishing is often difficult
on a windward shore in boisterous weather. Such folk have to depend
to a larger extent on estuaries and the foods in mangrove swamps.
The people of dolnoro S have hard rock reefs and can build very
substantial fish traps denied to some others who have only fragile
coral to work with. If these facts are accepted as providing adjust-
ments to the crude figures of area of littoral, the most marked
relationship between population and area is between reef and man;
the least exact relationship being between uplands and population.
It must be stressed that the uplands are only relatively so, because
nowhere are they much higher than about 33 feet, except on some
sandhills near the northern end of the island. The density of popula-
tion for the whole of Bentinck Island area in 1940 (the last year when
all were present) was 1.7 persons per square mile of total land and reef
surface, or over 6.8 persons for each square mile of reef. Since part
of the total area is inaccessible, and only used at some risk (as
indicated by two tragic episodes accompanying efforts to reach Allen
Island in 1940 and 1947) only about 14 square miles of reef were in
constant use, i.e., over 8 persons obtained their food on each square
mile of reef.
These figures are remarkably high for a 'stone age' people. In
the southern parts of Australia, even in areas of high rainfall the
figures for the most dense populations seemingly went no higher than
about one person per two square miles.
This may point up a fact that strand-dwelling populations could
have been dominant ones during some parts of the Old Stone Age.
If this be so the constantly changing sea levels of Glacial and Inter-
glacial times may have wiped out much of the record of man's early
culture history, either by sweeping the relics of his occupation
into littoral marine deposits or otherwise destroying them.
POPULATION STATISTICS FOR BENTINCK ISLAND
The population figures between 1948 and 1960 are controlled by
the official records and by birth and death registers preserved on
Mornington Island. For the period between 1910 and 1948 the data
is that remembered by Kaiadilt people and passed to the present
Page 305
writer in the form of genealogical information. Providers of data
included some who were already from 10 to 15 years of age in 1910
and hence are probably reasonably reliable witnesses, as far back as
about that year. They and most of the other persons belonging to
the island furnished their individual genealogical data. When this
had been cross-checked and linked together with the similar state-
ments from other sources, so much of the data fell together that a
relatively complete record was obtained.
The statistics for the earliest years of the century, 1900-1910, are
probably less reliable and are minimal, since they lack data on some
infants who died while young and on some old people. Loss of
knowledge of older people extended to such details as the names of
their totems, less often the birth place name; seldom were birth place
name and totem both forgotten for any one person.
Approximations to ages were worked out on all available informa-
tion. Various marker dates were available. Halleys Comet, the loss
of the ship Douglas Mawson which sent much flotsam ashore, known
major cyclones, the passage of different types of ships trading to
Boroloola and other Gulf ports were useful. The landings of Dr.
W. Roth, the Protector of Aborigines for North Queensland, in 1901,
the beginning of trepang fishing near the island by Mornington
Islanders, and the several known attempts of missioners to contact
the islanders at intervals of several years have furnished time marker
information. The succession of births was established for very many
people. The raw information, when examined for internal consistency,
proved to give a realistic picture of the interrelations and vital
statistics of these people. Principal difficulties encountered were in
establishing generation level of a few of those whose -ngati or birth-
place names and totemic ones were the same in two successive
generations. A typical example of this was the man who is recorded
in the List of people as W2 whose -ngati name was not obtained
because of his partial misidentification with his son W3. The identifi-
cation was made the more difficult because, at his father's death, W3
took one of his father's wives as his own, so that at first it was
thought there was only one man involved.
The killings of people by a white raid about 1918 resulted in the
stated deaths of eleven people. It is interesting to note how quickly
this gap in the ranks was filled by new births. Statistically the injury
caused merely a ripple in the population curve.
In the last decade, under the Presbyterian Mission regime 10
infant deaths have occurred, when the population level lay
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72 and 80 persons. In the previous decade 8 children in all were
remembered as having died, several of them about the time of stress
between 1944 and 1949. Allowing for the greater population and the
greater stress the loss was proportionately the same and could be
carried in rough statistics as an annual loss of one child. For the
1920-1929 and 1930-1939 periods only 4 children in each of the periods
Fig. 1. Adjusted figures for the total population of the Kaiadilt tribe of Bentinck
Island, 1900-196O. The data includes the people removed from Allen Island and held at
Aurukun between 1941 and 1953.
are remembered as having died in infancy. This may suggest that
the statistics are warped by lack of records of up to 6 children per
decade. In the 1920-1940 period this suspected loss possibly was of
minor significance and may be carried as a deficiency in record of one
child per year for the period 1920-1929 and none for the other decade.
For the two periods 1900-1909, 1910-1919 at least one additional person
Page 307
per annum should perhaps be added to make an adjusted population
figure. It is more difficult to check the data prior to 1920 for adults who
may have lived but who are not remembered by name. Inspection of the
genealogies enable rough estimates of corrections for this deficiency
to be suggested. The addition of an arbitrary figure of 5 persons for
the 1900-1909 and 2 for the period 1910-1919 has been allowed to
prevent any undue warping of the data through existence of adult
persons who were present but whose data has not been recovered.
The parentage of persons born prior to the 1900 period is frequently
listed as unknown. The mother has been carried in statistics until
at least two years after the birth of the last child and the male parent
until the year of the child's birth, as a minimum.
With the corrections listed above, the statistics on the Bentinck
Islanders, as shown in the attached graph (fig. 1), can be accepted as
fully covering the population from 1900-1920 and without any correct-
ing figures should be valid for the period from 1920-1960 within the
limits of ± 1 person in any one year.
The loose data available for age determination may have intro-
duced an error whose magnitude is difficult to estimate. It seems
possible that the data can be accepted as reasonably correct since the
known dates of birth of children in the 1950-60 decade has enabled
the calculation of a birth rate which suggests that earlier statistics
are concordant even though developed from the less reliable sources.
For the purpose of the present relatively crude analysis they are
accepted as correct.
It must be noted that the breakdown by dolnoro of birth, in the
second diagram (fig. 2), does not indicate directly the size of each
breeding dolnoro group. A married woman usually lives with the
dolnorodangka listed as father of her children; the assembly of the
data to show the actual breakdown, at any given time, of the dolnoro
into breeding units, is a separate task which may require the acquisi-
tion of further data on such facts as the mean period of widow-hood
between marriages (probably not great, although in a few known
instances extended for years after the death of the husband) and the
periods over which women visit the dolnoro of their male parent after
marriage (said at times to be considerable). The differences between
the two methods of listing dolnoro populations may not lead to very
great differences in statistical detail because inter-dolnoro marriages
are probably all on a one for one exchange basis, except where the
women have been taken and held as the result of killings. Because of
Page 308
the existence of a system of vendetta, such stealings are likely to
balance out since a male of one dolnoro is likely to be killed in revenge
for the death of a man of the other. In the larger dolnoro a propor-
tion of the women are kept in marriage within the dolnoro of their
male parent. This type of endogamous marriage has sanction, as
being the best one, by men of dolnoro S, T and U and X, although men
of the other dolnoro, whose numbers are fewer, consider other
marriage ways are better. In 122 listed marriages 26 or 21 per cent
were endogamous, i.e., were within the dolnoro. The percentages for
different dolnoro ranged from 0 per cent to 36 per cent as follows:
S 36 per cent, T 18 per cent, U 17 per cent, X 14 per cent, but V,
W, Y and Z men's marriages were all with women of other dolnoro.
DATA REGARDING CAUSES OF DEATH
From the statements of aborigines and Mission registers an
attempt has been made to classify the causes of death for the period
1910-1960 and to record them as percentages of all deaths:—
Per cent.
Natural causes ........................ 53
Killings by Kaiadilt persons .......... 18
Drownings ............................. 13
Cause of death unknown ................ 8
Killings by Europeans ................. 7 (3 occasions)
99
There was one case of suspected suicide of a woman after the
drowning of her child, one case of snake bite and another of jelly-fish
stinging. Among the stated 'natural' causes of death was one
'dying of cold and rain in the South-East Trade wind season
(winter)'; the drownings included those lost at night by the rising of
the tide during fogs, when direction is obscured. The last named is
a special hazard determined by the fact that low tides fall always at
night in this part of the Gulf of Carpentaria, necessitating much
gathering of food by night. A complementary type of death hazard
was that indicated by the relatively numerous instances of killings of
men, assailed by night as they came ashore, carrying the food they
had taken.
Page 309
DEATHS
Period. No. of deaths over 5-year period. Mean population. Approximate annual rate per 1,000
1910-1914 6 105 11
1915-1919 17 107 31
1920-1924 6 110 10
1925-1929 23 112 41
1930-1934 11 111 20
1935-1939 12 115 21
1940-1944 22 120 35
1945 1949 51 100 100
1950-1954 24 74 65
1955-1959 3 88 7
In the period of greatest stress, 1947-48, the death rate was near
to 260 per 1,000. The high rate in the 1915-1919 period can be
attributed to a raid by white men about the year 1918, when 11 persons
were killed.
The rather higher death rate in the 1925-1929 period is put down
to natural causes since the period was relatively free of interhordal
conflicts (20 deaths by natural causes to only one killing). The similar
interval 1940-1944, was the reverse, there being 12 killings to 9 deaths
by natural causes. At the beginning of this period the population was
building up to its highest point (123 in 1942). In the 1945-1949 period
there were 23 deaths by natural causes and 11 by killings. Another
important death factor was that of drowning.
In 1947 factional fights intensified and Dongkororeingati Kulkitj,
abandoning most of his wives, but taking four and many of his
children, fled from Bentinck Island with the intention of reaching Allen
Island. The rafts were caught in a storm and Dongkororeingati lost
his life together with thirteen others. The greatest previous recorded
number in a single year was in 1940 when the same attempted journey
to Allen Island was made by Minakuringati and 14 companions while
escaping from a fight. This resulted in the drowning of three persons.
The first of these drownings constitutes the greatest single
disaster recalled by living Kaiadilt people, paralleled only by the raid
by an unidentified white man with helpers who rode a horse across
Bentinck Island, accompanied by dogs, shooting down all he could see.
Page 310
This happened about the year 1918; 11 persons are stated to have been
either killed or died later from the effects of the attack.
Allen Island is seen to be an escape valve for over-population;
but the escape door leads escapees towards probable elimination.
First hazard for an escaping group was the chance of drowning. The
two recorded major movements of people to Allen Island from
Bentinck in 1940 and 1947 had survival ratios as follows:—
No. No. Percentage
departing. drowned. survival.
1940 .............. 15 3 80
1947 .............. 19 14 26
The Allen Island group of 1940 probably went there a little prior
to the llth May, 1940, since Aurukun records indicate a child,
subsequently given the white name of Ann, was born on or about that
date. Other records show she was born at the northernmost point of
Allen Island.
The 1940 party did have children who were born there in 1940-
1941, but it is a fact that no person listed as a Kaiadilt who was
remembered as having been born between 1900 and 1940 had Allen
Island given as place of birth. This may indicate the relative rarity
of return to Bentinck Island from that island. A statement from an
old Lardiil woman suggests that people who went to Allen Island were
subject to attack from roving mainland natives. When there were
people on Allen Island the fact was known to all because of their
campfire smokes.
The geographical classification used by Kaiadilt recognizes two
categories of island. The smaller islands were called Dangkawaridulk,
'men absent lands' while Bentinck Island was 'land of all', or
Dulkawalnged. This governed the allotment of dolnoro territories-
the offshore islands were regarded only as appendages to, and not
integral parts of dolnoro.
Return to Bentinck Island evidently was possible as is suggested
by the probability that people of dolnoro X are descendants of one
of the six persons seen by Flinders in 1802. One of the women of this
dolnoro possesses a story which seems to match the one Flinders gives
of his encounter in 1802; survival of the story itself implies that
return trips to Bentinck Island were made, as is indeed maintained as
true by all Kaiadilt persons.
Page 311
GROWTH AND DECLINE OF THE BENTINCK ISLAND POPULATION
Between 1915 and 1935 the population of Bentinck Island, with
111 persons, seemed almost to be at its asymptotic maximum value.
Its loss of people by a white raid was made good after an eight-year
period of oscillation of the population graph. It rose slowly, however,
to 123 by 1942; this was its maximum near the onset of a period of
continuous decline.
If the adjusted figure of 105 for the population in 1910 is taken
as a starting point, it would seem that there was a relatively slow
and steady rise of one person in each second year or about 5 per cent
per decade from 1910 to 1940.
Under the Mission regime, which began in 1948, there was a
decline but after the effects of the more than five years of strain had
been overcome by 1952 the population began again to increase, and
at a rate higher than when the people were on Bentinck Island,
approaching 10 per cent per decade in the new environment. Intro-
duction of other blood, now just beginning, because they are in contact
with others, may interfere with the further progress of what has been
an interesting little biological experiment from which much can be
learned by study of its earlier history.
When the population is broken down into its constituent dolnoro
or horde-like groups, figures for both the growth and decline of
population are seen to be unevenly distributed between the dolnoro.
Each dolnoro seems to have had its own period of onset of
expansion in the earlier part of this century and to have been
differently affected by the period of stress. The after-results of the
period of stress differ also for each dolnoro. For example, increase in
numbers since this time has been largely concentrated in the S dolnoro.
Populations of all the other dolnoro have remained practically static,
while S dolnoro population has increased from 21 to 29 persons (i.e.,
by nearly 40 per cent). The leading man of this dolnoro is a dominant
individual who has 5 wives and 7 children. It is of some interest that
his dolnoro has had the largest percentage of marriages within the
horde (36 per cent) and it has been numerically the strongest dolnoro
in each year for which records are available. Two of this man's
wives are from his own dolnoro and these have borne four of his
children.
A closer look at the history of this and other dolnoro may be of
interest, for while the Kaiadilt were an expanding group in the earlier
Page 312
Fig. 2. Population of the Kaiadilt tribe of Bentinck Island, showing numbers
composing the eight dolnoro. The top line shows the uncorrected figure for the whole
population, 1900-1960.
years of the century the rates of growth of individual dolnoro were
very different.
In the dolnoro S which already seems to have had the largest
population in 1900, the growth was rather slow, increasing from 20
to 25 in the first decade and rising to 27 in 1918; two men were killed
by whites about that year and there were 24 present in 1920; a decade
later they numbered 25, rising to 29 in 1940 and to 32, their peak
population, in the same year as the top population of 123 for the
Kaiadilt as a whole. Until the last year of the subsequent period of
stress this population of 32 remained, with a 25 per cent drop to 24
in the last few months, principally from drownings.
Page 313
On arrival on Mornington Island they showed relatively few
after-effects of the period of stress and their numbers increased
steadily until in 1960 they were only two short of their highest known
earlier population.
The dolnoro T population originally was small. It expanded
slowly and steadily throughout the period under consideration from
1900 until 1942. Their territory is on the unsheltered eastern side and
several drownings on reefs exposed to rough seas in the south-east
trade winds season helped to keep their numbers in cheek. Several
also died by drowning during the period of stress after 1940. Those
rescued in 1947 and 1948 were weak and some of them died after
reaching Mornington Island. Infants who were stillborn and ones
who died shortly after birth were relatively numerous in this dolnoro.
It has not increased its numbers.
The population of dolnoro U commenced to expand about 1906.
It suffered loss of three persons during the raid by white men about
1918. This gave a slight check to population numbers but there was
recovery by 1926. With minor oscillations this population increased,
showing no marked signs of stress, despite five killings about 1942;
they only commenced a decline from 25 to 20 in 1944. Drownings and
the side effects of their experiences before August 1947 drastically
reduced their number to 14 in 1948. Some died after they were rescued
from their island. Women capable of child bearing were few; young
males predominated among those who survived. Only one child (a
girl of Kaiadilt descent only on her father's side) has been born to
a member of the dolnoro since then. Young men of the dolnoro who
are now in their twenties, have not yet begun to produce children,
although some of them are married.
Dolnoro V whose territory was on the south coast, with a shore
line much exposed to the south-eastern trade winds was a small group
of four, at the beginning of the century. Its period of expansion was
between 1906 and 1918 to 11 persons. It suffered several losses during
the raid by white men in that year, and, except for a temporary
expansion in mid-twenties, its numbers have dropped rather steadily
and slowly since then. During the period of stress in the 1940's total
numbers fell by one only, although three persons were killed in
quarrels. In 1960 there were only four surviving persons, the same
number as were remembered as being alive near the turn of the
century.
In 1900 dolnoro W population was smaller than for V, with only
four known persons, but increased steadily to a maximum of 12 in
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1942. Those who escaped drowning when voyaging to Allen Island
in 1940, temporarily disappeared from the Kaiadilt population after
being apprehended for the murder on that island in 1941. Taken to
Aurukun Mission they were not again united with their kinsfolk on
Mornington Island until September, 1953. Of those who remained on
Bentinck Island, in 1940, three men were drowned during raft accidents
in the 1940's.
Dolnoro X was the third largest with 19 persons at its period of
greatest expansion in 1920, but although it has held third place in rank
most of the time until now, it was smaller, with only 9 persons in 1900.
This number is the same as it possesses in 1960. Females predominate
in the dolnoro. In 1925-1927 there was a spate of deaths, mostly of
middle-aged to old women. Only one adult male of the dolnoro
remained in 1940. When attacked and deprived of some of his wives,
this man with other men and children fled to Allen Island, whence
he was taken to Aurukun. One of the women of the dolnoro who
remained on Bentinck Island was killed in a quarrel during the period
of stress in the 1940's and one old lady died.
A predominance of young and young adult females, some without
children, enabled the people of X dolnoro who remained on Bentinck
to pass through the difficult years with relatively undepleted numbers.
Dolnoro Y. In 1900 there were 5 persons in this dolnoro, in 1960
there were only 4. In only one decade (1930 to 1944) was it much
larger, with a maximum population of 10 in 1940. The period of
stress reduced the group to 5 by 1948 there being three killings and
one accidental drowning. Two who were weak when they were rescued
in 1948, died shortly after being rescued, leaving only 3 in 1952.
Dolnoro Z was small with only 5 persons in 1900, of whom four
were males. Population began to increase in 1920 and was maintained
between 10 and 11 from 1927 until 1943. By 1940 the sex ratio was
equal; then there were deaths by killing of two young girls in quarrels
over wives. Deaths of two young men followed and a male killing,
prior to June, 1947. This caused extinction of the male line. Two
women in their thirties survived the period of stress and are now in
their forties. Their later born children are reckoned, of course, in
other dolnoro.
Commencing with one part-Kaiadilt child born at Aurukun in 1943
and later ones born on Mornington Island, a small group of mixed
Kaiadilt/other tribe hybrids, is building up; there were, in 1960, five
such persons. Properly to be counted as part of the Kaiadilt popula-
tion there are also five persons of three tribes, from elsewhere, who
Page 315
have had clandestine associations with or have married into, and
produced children for the Kaiadilt community since they have made
contact with the outside world.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN POPULATION CHANGES
Decline:
Study of the Bentinck Island population suggests that four
primary factors may have led to the period of stress and catastrophic
decline in the population after 1940:—
(a) Growth of population to beyond the limit of capacity of
the area in which they lived,
(b) Conflict between the hordes.
(c) Climatic change, in the direction of a deterioration.
(d) Catastrophes (e.g., tidal wave, mass drownings).
The climatic vagary may have been instrumental in triggering
off the interhordal conflicts which marked the first stage in the
catastrophic decline of the 1940's.
It would appear that in a period of stress following one of
expansion population diminishes by losses caused in a variety of ways.
These can be listed roughly in the order of their importance and
impact on the Bentinck Islanders:—
1. Deaths of infants born during the difficult time.
2. Relative lack of births during the period of stress.
3. Inter-hordal killings of adult males and females.
4. Deaths by weakening, especially of older females, and particu-
larly after giving birth.
5. Drownings through 'forced' movements as well as through
attempts at exploitation of the more dangerous parts of their
littoral (perhaps aggravated by weakness due to starvation,
combined with a possible lowering of judgment on the part of
those participating, under stress of necessity, causing the
taking of undue risks).
These deaths added to those which would have occurred under normal
conditions had a marked effect on population numbers.
Recovery:
Young adult males and young females tended to survive in greater
numbers than others. Alter recovery from the stress (in this case
Page 316
with a changed environment due to Mission contact and medical
attention) births of children were numerous and, after some losses due
to a high infantile mortality, some possibly owing to exposure to new
diseases in the changed environment, population numbers advanced
steadily within the next 10 years. A factor delaying the rise in
population after the period of stress was the early deaths of numbers
of children who were born to mothers who had been weakened by their
experiences in 1947 and 1948. The medical records of the Mission are
not very complete bnt they indicate that many persons were treated
for 'anaemia' during the period 1949-1952.
INTRODUCTION TO LIST OP THE INHABITANTS OF BENTINCK ISLAND, GIVEN AS APPENDIX A
This list contains, in compressed form, the whole of the
genealogical data available in June, 1960, for the Kaiadilt people.
From it can be reconstructed the genealogies and basic population
data used for the observations made in this report.
Males and females are listed separately, according to their
patrilocal and patrilineal horde-like units, called dolnoro. These
dolnoro arbitrarily have been assigned letter symbols from S to Z,
because they do not have fixed names of their own.
The -ngati or birth-place name of each person is first listed, when
available, in capitals and lower case for males, in full capitals for
females. Then follows a totemic name, usually that of some food,
occasionally that of a natural force or a feature of the landscape. The
totemic name is itself followed by the European name, where one has
been given to the person after white contact. The numbers with an f
following the symbol representing the dolnoro, are females, those
without are males. So far as possible the persons of each dolnoro
are arranged according to succession of birth and the children also
are so listed within the parental entries; a few casual anomalies of
arrangement occur, usually because of the late arrival of correcting
data. A few persons who cannot be assigned to dolnoro are listed
under the symbol 0 following the main list, and there is an appendix
detailing five persons not of the Kaiadilt tribe who have had marital
associations with Bentinck Islanders since they emerged from their
long period of isolation on the Southern Wellesley Islands.
Since the -ngati name of the individual incorporates the name of
the place of birth it is not generally repeated except when there are
anomalies or there is a seeming conflict between place of birth and
Page 317
assignation of dolnoro. Informants usually were careful to draw
attention to such discrepancies. Offered explanations were ones such
as 'his mother had him when she was away from his country'
or 'she was born in her new father's country', where the new born
child had a stepfather.
Married women live with the members of the husband's dolnoro,
and her children are dolnorodangka (dolnoro folk) of her husband's
horde.
On the death of a husband the wife passes either to her husband's
eldest son, or to her husband's brother, whichever is the older,
or may be passed on into another dolnoro. Her children by the new
husband fall into his dolnoro. Children born just after the death
of a prior husband usually are considered to fall in the dolnoro
of the deceased man. In a few cases, usually of recent date the dolnoro
assignation remained in doubt until resolved after discussion. The
probability is that the 'value' of the dolnoro as a territorial unit
has declined in the twelve years since the people have abandoned
their home.
All births and deaths after 1947 were recorded in the Mornington
Island Mission Register. Some late entries, based on estimated dates
of year of birth were made. Usually these can be recognized as
estimates by the arbitrary giving of 1 July as the birth date. Earliest
Mission assigned dates of this type may go back to 1941, and in some
instances may be no more reliable than ages estimated in this study
by other means. All the Mission data appears to have been re-written
into the present Register in 1953, some records being from lists on
loose sheets of paper. Copies have been made of all available registers
and lists, up to June 1960, and are on file in the South Australian
Museum collection.
Blood genetics data is given after the other personal and family
information. In case of later enquiry it may be noted that the
temporary field numbers assigned to blood tests are not recorded
herein. They were not the same as the listed anthropometric numbers.
The blood data for each person is set out in the following sequence:-
ABO, MNSs, Rh, P, Lea, Fya, K, Webb, Jka. 'Webb' is a rare blood
group being described by R. T. Simmons and J. A. Albrey in the
Medical Journal of Australia 1962 (in press). The tests were done
in the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Melbourne, by R. T.
Simmons, and the results are being discussed in a paper by Simmons,
R, T., Tindale, N. B., and Birdsell, J. B. (in press 1962).
Page 318
REFERENCES CITED
Earl, G. W., 1846: Journ. Geogr. Soc. London 16: 239-251.
Fairbridge, R. W., 1958: Trans. New York Acad. Sci., II, 20: 471-482.
1960: Scientific American, New York 202, (5): 70-78.
Simmons, R. T., Tindale, N. B. and Birdsell, J. B., 1962 (in press): Amer. Journ. Physical Anthrop.
Tindale, N. B., 1961: Tenth Pacific Science Congress, Honolulu. Abstracts: pp. 87-88.
1962: Records of S. Austr. Museum, Adelaide 14: pp. 259-296, plates 8-9 and map A.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES 10-11
Plate 10
Fig. 1. A deserted Bentinck Island cold season camp showing shell water vessels and break-
wind, with pile of native yams in foreground. Photograph taken about 1927, before
direct white contact. (Photo, attributed to the late R. H. Wilson.)
Fig. 2. Kaiadilt people moving from a temporary camp during their first voluntary encounter
with a European, at Baltae, in late 1927. (Photo, attributed to the late R. H. Wilson.)
Plate 11
Fig. 1. Group of timorous Bentinck Islanders as seen by W. Roth in June, 1901. The central
figure was identified by present day islanders as holding a tjilanganda or mariwu
(crude biface stone implement) in his hand. (Photo. by J. F. Bailey.)
Fig. 2. Several Kaiadilt men and a woman dancing before Lardiil men 25 June, 1945, on
the occasion of their first brief visit to Mornington Island; the woman in the back-
ground is now the oldest living Kaiadilt person, KENAKENABAJANGATI (Sf.8 of
the accompanying list). (Photo. by E. E. Davies.)
Page 319
APPENDIX A
LIST OF THE KNOWN INHABITANTS OF BENTINCK ISLAND, QUEENSLAND, TO JUNE 1950
Males of Dolnoro S
S.1. Dongkororeingati (birth place name) kulkitji (shark) (totem); born circa 1855 at
Dongkororei, died c. 1918 at Lokoti (places on Bentinck Island see map); mode of
death, shot by white man; aged 53 years; father -----; mother -----; married
Wf.1; 3 children, S.3, Sf.4, S.5.
S.2. Tondoingati bidjarupa (dugong); b. c. 1865, d. c. 1930; speared while in the sea at
Kongari by one of the brothers of Zf.4, aged c. 65 years; f. -----; m. -----; 3
wives Sf.3, Xf.1, Xf.3; 9 children, Sf.11, Sf.12 (by Sf.3), Sf. 8, S.10, Sf.10 (by
Xf.1), S.8, S.15, S.17, Sf.17 (by Xf.3).
S.3 Kongarangati kanatu (oil fish); b. c. 1895, d. c. 1915; killed at Kongara in a fight, by
prospective wife’s brother; aged c. 20 years; was to have married Sf.8; f. S.1;
m. Wf.1. The personalities of S.3 and T.2 seem to have become confused in some
informants’ minds and the record as given may be inaccurate. They evidently were
step-brothers who were born some years apart.
S.4. Berumoingati kanatu (oil fish) and/or airuput (small mackerel); b. c. 1885, d. c. 1939;
speared at Wanaratji, died at Dangkankuru, aged c. 44 years, death ascribed to Y.2;
f. -----; m. -----; married Sf.1 (widow of U.22(1}), Sf.2 (probably widow of
U.22), Uf.9; 1 child Sf.13 (by Sf.2), no children by either Sf.22 or Uf.9.
Note: This man ’s number is out of logical sequence because of a late revision.
S.5. Dongkororeingati kulkitji (shark) (also named Odeitepetepe), white name Terry, this
name first given during a brief visit to Mornington Island Mission in 1945; the
first external contact with whites; b. c. 1895, d. 1947; drowned on raft voyage from
Bentinck to Allen Island with many others, aged c. 53 years; f. S.1; m. Wf.1; married
13 wives; he took only four of them when he and a party fled to Allen Island after a
fight in 1947; three of these wives and 7 of his children were among those drowned
with him. His wives were, Sf.8, Sf.9 (widow of T.4), Sf.l0 (widow of T.3 and S.6),
Sf.13, Sf.14, Sf.21, Tf.2 (a widow), Tf.6 (widow of ? T.3), Uf.3 (widow of U.1
and U.6), Uf. 4, Uf.14, Uf.18, Xf.5, in addition he had relations with the unmarried
girl Uf.16. 16 children, S.14, S.16, Sf.20 (by Sf.8), S.20 (by Sf.9), Sf.16, Sf.18, S.26
(by Sf.13), Sf.22 and Yf.3 (by Sf.14, but Y dolnoro attribution of second child
not explained), Sf.15, S.18, Sf.23 (by Uf.4 who was said to have been the first or
eldest wife), Sf.19 (by Xf.5), S.22, S.25, S.42 (mother’s name not recorded). Also
he inherited 10 step-children and his widows had 4 by subsequent husbands; Sf.3O
(mother Uf.16, unmarried) is attributed to him; this child was adopted and reared
by Vf.10 and S.17.
S.6. Berumoingati ngorongkolt ( ); b. c. 1895, d, c. 1941 at Wanaratji of spear
wound inflicted by W.4 who escaped to Allen Island (where in 1941 he shared the
killing of a Mornington Islander), aged c. 47 years; f. -----; m. -----; married
Sf.10 (widow of T.3), 4 step-children, T.10, T.11, T.14, Tf.13, his widow married S.5.
S.7. Wartadangati kulkitji (shark) also kalbara (white crane) and tjilangind (small rock
oyster); b. c. 1895, d. c. 1944 at Rokoti of a throat infection, with blood, condition
known as dorongk, aged c. 49 years; f. -----; m. -----; married Sf.7, Uf.6, Uf.7,
Vf.7. Six children, V.5, Vf.8 (by Sf.7), V.6, Uf.17 (by Uf.6), Vf.10, V.7 (by Vf.7).
Note: The dolnoro associations are not understood and need checking in the field;
it seems possible that he changed from V dolnoro to S but his children remained in
V; other instances of such a change were cited.)
S.8. Markarukingati toato (rainbow), white name King Alfred, also called Dingkararangati;
b. c. 1897, d. 1947 (before June), killed at Lokotai by S.16, aged c. 50 years; was
killer of Z.8; f. S.2; m. Xf.3; married 6 wives, Sf.16, Sf.18, Uf.7, Uf.15, Uf.17, Zf.2;
4 children, S.21 (by Sf.16), Sf.27, Sf.29 (by Sf.18), Sf.28 (by Zf.2). Note: Uf.20
was his stepchild (by Zf.2) whose real parent has not been recorded; three of his
widows passed to his younger brother S.17.
Page 320
S.9. Tondoingati bidjarupa (dugong), b. c. 1395, d. c. 1945, killed at Maran by Z.7 and Z.8,
when he returned from fishing at night time, aged c. 50 years; f. -----; m. -----;
married Uf.10; 2 children, Sf.21, Sf.25.
S.10. Tondoingati boltoko (quail) also called Bilinapangati, white name Kelly, b. c. 1900,
d. October 1950 of sickness while in transit by airplane from Mornington Island to
Cloncurry Hospital, aged c. 50 years; f. S.2; m. Xf.1; married 4 wives, Uf.7 (widow
of S.11, S.7, S.8), Uf.17 (widow of S.8), Tf.9 (widow of U.13, U.10); 4 children,
S.24 (by Uf.7), S.23, Sf.33 (by Uf.17), S.30 (by Tf.9); he received Uf.3 (widow
of U.6) but passed her to V.5.
S.11. Tondoingati bidjarupa (dugong) also orobari (bonefish), b. c. 1920, d. 1945, after
June, at Kongara, killed when he returned from fishing, by two men; f. -----;
m. -----; married unrecorded woman and Uf.7; 2 children, Sf.24, Sf.26 (by Uf.7).
S.12. -------------- [son of BALTAENGATI]; b. c. 1904, d. c. 1918 at Burumangi, killed by
white man, aged c. 14 years; f. -----; m. Tf.2.
S.13. Berumoingati airuput (small mackerel); b. c. 1905, d. c. 1925 of stomach sickness, aged
c. 20 years, not married; f. S.4; m. Sf.2.
S.14. Tarurukingati (Tadukingati) kulkitji (shark), white name Buddy; b. c. 1916, d. 1947
before August; killed at Markaruki by S.8, just prior to S.8’s own death also by
killing; aged c. 31 years; newly married; f. S.5; m. Sf.8; married Uf.13, no children.
S.15. Kongarangati dawart ( ), b. c. 1917, d. October 1943, shot by R.A.A.F.
personnel during an unprovoked attack with spears at Milt, c. 26 years, unmarried.
f. S.2; m. Xf.3.
S.16. Bokanaijarupangati kambo (rock cod) also debedebe (rock cod), white names Alec,
Alex, Alec Allen (also called Ngarangati, corrupted as Naranatjil); b. c. 1920,
removed from Allen Island to Mornington Island 10 June or 2 July 1947, a survivor
of the raft disaster in which his father and others perished, living June 1960, age
c. 40 years; f. S.5; m. Sf.8; married Sf.13 (widow of S.5, his father), Sf.24;
4 children, Sf.34, S.35, S.36, S.39 (by Sf.24).
S.17. Korerungati worobari (bone fish), also lokoti (sheoak tree); white name Percy
Loogatha; b. c. 1922, arrived Mornington Island 4 August 1947, living June 1960,
age c. 38 years; measured as B.I. no. 1, f. S.2; n1. Xf.3; married Sf.16, Sf.18,
Vf.10, Zf.2, Zf.4; 7 children, Sf.32 (by Sf.16), S.28, Sf.36, S.40 (by Sf.18], S.32,
S.37, Sf.38 (by Vf.10); no children by other wives; the child Sf.30 reared by
Vf.10 was adopted from Uf.16, its supposed father was S.5.
S.18. Kabaratjingati boltoko (quail); white name Pat; b. c. 1922, arrived Mornington Island
18 October 1948, living June 1960, age c. 38 years; measured as B.I. no. 4; f. S.5;
m. UF.4; married (4 wives), Sf.17, Uf.13 (whom he gave to T.13), Wf.4, Of.1;
8 children, Sf.31, S.29, S.31, Sf.35, S.38, Sf.37 (by Sf.17), S.27 (by Uf.13), S.34
(by Vf.4), no children by Of.1.
S.19. Tarurukingati morukadi ( ) also tungalngomoro ( ); white name
Gilbert; b. c. 1922, arrived Mornington Island 18 October 1948; d. 24 September
1955 by drowning in a canoe accident off Andrew Island, aged c. 33 years; f. S.5;
m. Uf.2; married Tf.7 (widow of Z.3, Z.2, U.10, Z.9), Xf.8 (widow of S.10), Xf.17;
no children.
S.20. Kongarangati; b. c. 1925, d. c. 1925, aged c. 1 year; f. S.5; m. Sf.9; [see S.41, out
of place, should go here].
S.21, Berumoingati bidjarupa (dugong); b. c. 1934, d. c. 1946 of snake bite, aged c. 12
years; f, S.8; m. Sf.16.
S.22. Rarukungati; b. c. 1938, d. 1947; drowned on raft voyage from Bentinck Island to
Allen Island, aged c. 9 years; f. S.5; m: -----.
S.23. Kongarangati tapuroro (sword shark), also lokoti (sheoak tree); white name Peter
Lugata; b. c. 1939, arrived Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960,
age c. 21 years; f. S.10; m. Uf.17.
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S.24. Dolkalatjingati boltoko (quail); white name Roger ; b. 1941, arrived Mornington Island
4 August 1947; living June 1960; age 19 years; f. S.10; m. Uf.7.
S.25. Rokotangati; b. c. 1941; d. 1947, drowned on raft voyage from Bentinck to Allen
Island; aged c. 6 years; f. S.5; m. -----.
S.26. Bokanaijarupangati (Bokamungati); b. c. 1942; d, 1947, drowned on raft voyage from
Bentinck to Allen Island; aged c. 5 years; f. S.5; m. Sf.13.
S.27. ----------- white name Horace; b. 1947-8 after arrival of mother at Mornington
Island; d. 28 December 1948 at Mornington Island; aged under 1 year; f. S.18;
m. Uf.13.
S.28. ----------- white name Robert; b, 9 January 1949 on Mornington Island; d. 9 January
1949; aged 1 day; f. S.17; m. Sf.18.
S.29. ----------- white name Malcolm; b. 15 January 1950 on Mornington Island; d. 22
January 1950; aged 6 days; f. S.18; m. Sf.17.
S.30. Njinjilkingati (so named for a place given this name on Mornington Island by Kaiadilt;
not Bentinck Island), bidjarup (dugong); white name Duncan; b. 15 February 1950
on Mornington Island; living June 1960; aged 10 years 3 months; f. S.10; m. Tf.9.
S.31. ----------- banga (turtle); white name Glenn; b. 1951 on Mornington Island; died
before 1959; aged about 6-8 years; f. S.18; m. Sf-17.
S.32. ----------- tjoanda (white porpoise); white name Geoffrey; b. 7 February 1952 on
Mornington Island; living June 1960; aged 8 years 4 months; f. S.17; m. Vf.10.
S.33. ----------- kamara (stone fish); white name Malcolm; b. 15 April 1952 on Mornington
Island; living June 1960; aged 8 years 1 month; f. unknown; m. Uf.17 (widow of
S.10 for 1 year 6 months before birth of S.33).
S.34 ----------- barnkaltji (native companion); white name Benjamin; b. 31 July 1953 on
Mornington Island; living June 1960; aged 6 years 10 months; f. S.18; m. Wf.4.
S.35. ----------- white name Maxwell; b. 7 September 1953 on Mornington Island; d. 1953
of pneumonia; aged under 3 months; f. S.16; m. Sf.24.
S.36. ----------- white name Rodney; b. 11 November 1954 on Mornington Island; living
June 1960; age 5 years 6 months; f. S.16; m. Sf.24.
S.37. ----------- dangurt (mud crab); white name Neil; b. 12 June 1955 on Mornington
Island; living June 1960; age 5 years 0 months; f. S.17; m. Vf.10.
S.38. ----------- warunt (goana); white name Harry; b. 8 September 1956 on Mornington
Island; living June 1960; age 3 years 9 months; f. S.18; m. Sf.17.
S.39. ----------- white name Robin; b. 13 July 1957 on Mornington Island; living June
1960; age 2 years 10 months; f. S.16; m. Sf.24.
S.40. ----------- bidjarup (dugong); white name Gerald Baldagu; b. 19 August 1958 on
Mornington Island; living June 1960; age 1 year 9 months; f. S.17; m. Sf.18.
S.41. Berumoingati kanatu (oil fish); b. c. 1927; d. 1947, drowned on raft voyage from
Bentinck Island to Allen Island; aged c. 20 years. The data on this man is not
firm. f. -----; m. -----.
S.42. Tjodjongati; b. c. 1940; d. c. 1947; drowned on raft voyage from Bentinck to Allen
Island; aged c. 7 years; f. S.5; m. -----.
Females of Dolnoro S
Sf.1. DONGKOREINGATI banga (turtle); b. c. 1875; d. c. 1925 of sickness at
Kongarangari; aged c. 50 years; f. -----; m. -----; married U.22, S.4 an
unrecorded T. man; children U7, Uf.5 (by U.22), T.6 (by ?), Sf.13 (by S.4).
Sf.2. TONDOINGATI; b, c. 1875; d. c. 1933 of sickness at Mardanki; aged c. 58 years;
f. -----; m. -----; married U.22, S.4; no children.
Sf.3. RENDJALKAURUNGATI tjudabari (fish hawk); b. c, 1883; d. after 1907 of sickness
at Mededingki; aged over 24 years; f. -----; m. -----; married S.2; previously
had had children by V.1; 4 children, V.4, Vf.7 (by V.1), Sf.11, Sf.12 (by S.2).
Sf.4. BANDARANGATI; b. c. 1890; d. c. 1910; aged c. 20 years; not married; f. S.1;
m. -----;.
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Sf.5. BEALURUNGATI kulkitji (shark); b. c. 1892; d. c. 1925 of sickness at Baltae;
aged c. 33 years; f. -----; m. -----; married U.4; 1 child, U.12.
Sf.6. BERUMOINGATI; b. c. 1893; d. after 1915; f. -----; m. -----; married U.4;
1 child, U.13.
Sf.7. WINDJARUKAURUNGATI karwark (queen fish); b. c. 1895; d. c. 1928 of sickness
at Wedei; aged c. 33 years; f. -----; m. -----; married S.7; 2 children, V.5, Vf.8.
Sf.8. KENAKENABAJANGATI bidjarup (dugong); white name VENUS; b. c. 1895,
arrived at Mornington Island 2 July 1947 from Allen Island; living June 1960;
age c. 65 years; measured as BI.21; f. S.2; m. Xf.1; married S.5 (had been
promised to S.3 but he was killed); 3 children, S.14, S.16, Sf.20.
Sf.9. DONGKALATJINGATI (DOLKALATJINGATI) tjariru (stingray); b, c. 1898; d.
early 1947, speared at night by S.17 at Dangkankuru in mistake for S.8 during
general scrimmage; aged c. 49 years; f. -----; m. -----; married T.4 and later
S.5; 3 children, Tf.9, T.13 (by T.4), S.20 (by S.5). The Kaiadilt woman first
encountered by Mornington Islander, Gully, on a. reef, about 1927.
Sf.10. TONDOINGATI (TONDURINGATI) bidjarupa (dugong); white name BOONGA;
b. c. 1907, arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age c.
53 years; measured as BI.20; f. S.2; m. Sf.1; married ?T.3, S.6 and U.14;
children, T.10, T.11, T.14, Tf.13 (by T.3 or S.6), U.21, Uf.22 (by U.14).
Sf.11. DODJONAPANGATI taliwindi (trumpet shell); b. c. 1907; d. c. 1925 of sickness
at Njinjilki; not married; f. S.2; m. Sf.3. Note: Was born in Z dolnoro territory.
Sf.12. DANGGANGURUNGATI mengunguru (queen fish); b. c. 1910; d. c. 1928 of stomach
trouble; aged c. 18 years; f. S.2; m. Sf.3; newly married to U.10 at time of death;
no children.
Sf.13. WINDJARUKAURUNGATI (RENDJALKAURUNGATI) burantan (bone fish);
white name SARAH No. 1; b. c. 1900; arrived on Mornington Island from Allen
Island 2 July 1947; living June 1960; age c. 60 years (could be 2 years older);
measured as BI. no. 15 (because of her black hair without greyness she was at first
considered much younger); f. S.4; m. Sf.1; married S.5 and S.16; 3 children, Sf.16,
Sf18; S.26 (by S.5).
Sf.14. KARIKARIWANGATI mandatji (large cat fish); b. c. 1912; d. 1947, drowned on
raft voyage from Bentinck to Allen Island; aged c. 35 years; f. S.4; m. Sf.2;
married S.5 (also probable associations with Y.2); 2 children, Sf. 22 (by S.5);
Yf.3 (probably by Y.2).
Sf.15. KONGARANGATI tjaparta (sole); b. c. 1916; d. c. 1918, by drowning, after people
had been chased out on to reefs by white man, with dogs; aged c. 2 years; f. S.5;
m. Uf.4.
Sf.16. RENDJALKAURUNGATI tjoloro (stone fish); white name DONNA; also written as
DONA and very incorrectly as NORMA; b. c. 1915, arrived on Mornington Island
4 August 1947; d. 23 December 1950 at Mornington Island; f. S.5; m. Sf.13;
married S.8 and S.17; children, S.21 (by S.8), Sf.32 (by S.17).
Sf.17. MEDEDINGKINGATI tjoanda (white porpoise); white name SALLY; b. c. 1924,
arrived on Mornington Island 18 October 1948; living June 1960; age c. 37 years;
measured as B.I. no. 30; f. S.2; m. Xf.3; married S.18; 6 children, Sf.31, S.29,
S.31, Sf.35; S.38; Sf.37. This is the woman spoken to by McCarthy when investi-
gating the shooting of the native on Sweers Island in 1943.
Sf.18. TONDOINGATI kulkitji (shark); white name RHEA, name also written as REA;
b. c. 1925; arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age
c. 35 years; measured as BI. no. 31; f. S.5; m. Sf.13; married S.8, S.17; 5
children, Sf.27, Sf.29 (by S.8), S.28; Sf.36; S.40 (by S.17).
Sf.19. KONGARANGATI; b. c. 1926; d. c. 1928 at Kombali, in the mangroves of exposure
and cold during S.E. trade wind weather and at same time as mother; aged c. 2
years; f. S.5; m. Sf.5.
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Sf.20. WANARATJINGATI; b. c. 1927; d. 1947, drowned on raft voyage from Bentinck to
Allen Island; aged c. 20 years; f. S.5; m. Sf.8; not married, no children.
Sf.21. KORAWURUNGATI bidjarupa (dugong) ; white name MATILDA; b. c. 1929, arrived
on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; d. 5 June 1950, after giving birth to still-born
male child on 22 May 1950; aged c. 21 years; f. S.9; m. Uf.10; married S.5 but
no children; as widow had short marital associations with T.12 and V.3, but neither
were considered to be proper marriages; 2 children, Tf.15, T.17 (considered to have
been fathered by T.12).
Sf.22. BIRARUKINGATI komi (a fish) ; b. c. 1932; d. c. 1937, killed by V.3 whose elder
brother should have had her as wife; aged c. 5 years; f. S.5; m. Sf.14.
Sf.23. KONGARANGATI, also called KUNTURUNGATI mengunguru (queen fish); white
name MARTHA; b. c. 1933; d. 1947, drowned on raft voyage from Bentinck to
Allen Island; aged c. 14 years; not married, but had been promised to Z.9; f. S.5;
m. Uf.4; not married. Reputed to have been a light-skinned person, known as a
kandokando.
Sf.24. WERUNGATJINGATI tadaoka (pumpkinhead fish) ; white name DAWN; b. 1935,
arrived on Mornington Island 2 July 1947 from Allen Island; living June 1960; age
25 Years; measured as BI. no. 17; f. S.11; m. Uf.7; married S.16; 4 children, Sf.34,
S.35, S.36, S.39.
SL25. TONDOINGATI bokadji (black hawk); white name MAY; b. c. 1936, arrived
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age c. 23 years; measured as
BI. no. 29; f. S.9; m. Uf.10; married U.17; no children.
Sf.26. KORAREINGATI karwark (queen fish); white name PAULA; b. 1 July 1938 (age
given in mission records, not verifiable); arrived Mornington Island 4 August 1947;
living June 1960; age 21 years 11 months; f. S.11; m. Uf.7; not married, promised
to T.15.
Sf.27. BERUMOINGATI mali (swamp turtle) ; white name NETTA; b. 1 July 1942 (mission
record age, not verifiable); arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living
June 1960; age 17 years 11 months; measured as BI. no. 36; f. S.8; m. Sf.18;
not married, not promised. Blood typcs:- 0, Nss, R1 RO, P1 -, Le(a-), Fy(a+),
K -, Webb-, Jka+.
Ss.28. WARTADANGATI bidjarupa (dugong); white name ETHEL, earlier records give
MILDRED (?); b. 30 July or September 1946 (conflicting mission records);
arrived Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960 ; age 14 years 9 months
or 13 years 8 months; measured as BI. no. 40; f. S.8; m. Zf.2; not married, not
promised.
Sf.29. TONDOINGATI banga (turtle); white name DOLLY; b. March 1946, arrived
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age 14 years 3 months;
measured as BI. no. 38; f. S.8; m. Sf.18.
Sf.30. WEREKEWEREKENGATI kambo (rock cod); white name MARGARET; b. May
1946 on Sweers Island; arrived Mornington Island 4 August 1947 ; d. 14 April 1950
on Mornington Island, cause not stated; m. Uf.16 unmarried; child ascribed to S.5;
was adopted by S.17 and Vf.10.
Sf.31 ----------- white name IRENE; b. July 1948, arrived Mornington Island 18 October
1948; d. 10 January 1949; aged 6 months; f. S.18; m. Sf.17.
Sf.32. ----------- white name OLIVE, also known as OLOM; b. 11 October 1948 at
Mornington Island; d. 20 February 1950; aged 1 year 4 months. The first child
born on Mornington after the evacuation of Bentinck Island; f. S.17; m. Sf.16.
Sf.33. ----------- white name NANCY; b. 4 December 1949 at Mornington Island; d. 1950;
aged under 1 year; f. S.10; m. Uf.17.
Sf.34. ----------- white name DOROTHY; b. 27 May 1950 at Mornington Island; d. 28
August 1951 at Cloncurry Hospital; aged 1 year 3 months; f. S.16; m. Sf.24.
Sf.35. ----------- white name MADGE; b. 29 May 1953 at Mornington Island; living June
1960; age 7 years 0 months; f. S.18; m. Sf.17.
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Sf.36. ----------- white name OLIVE kuluwanda (a small bird); b. 17 July 1953 at
Mornington Island; living June 1960; age 6 years 10 months; f. S.17; m. Sf.18.
Sf.37. ----------- white name DOROTHY; b. 19 May 1959 at Mornington Island; living
June 1960; age 1 year 0 months; f. S.18; m. Sf.17.
Sf.38. ----------- white name JOY; b. 3 September 1959 at Mornington Island; living
June 1960; age 9 months; f. S.17; m. Vf.10.
Males of Dolnoro T
T.1. Ngolotalkurungaijarupangati kambo (rock cod); b. c. 1880; d. c. 1918; shot by a
white man at Minakuri; aged c. 38 years; f. -----; m. -----; younger sisters were
Tf.2 and Tf.3; family if any, not recorded.
T.2. Kongarangati waruku (sun); b. c. 1885; d. c. 1919, killed in a fight; aged c. 34 years;
f. or step f. S.1; m. Wf.1; married Wf.2 and Vf.2; 3 children, T.4, Tf.7 (by
Wf.2), Tf.8 (by Vf.2).
T.3. Modomodongati bidjarupa (dugong); b. c. 1885; d, c. 1940; drowned at night at
Kodakara; aged c. 55 years; f. T.2; m. -----; married Sf.2 and Sf.10; 5 children,
T.5 (by Sf.2); T.10, T.1l, T.14, Tf.13 (by Sf.10).
T.4. Bitangati, also called Kongarangati, tjilanganda = mariwu (biface palaeolithic stone
tool); b. c. 1890; d. probably before 1933, drowned at night while fishing from a
raft, ngimi (translated as 'outside') Baltae Island; aged c. 43 years; f. T.2;
m. Wf.2; married Sf.9; 2 children, Tf.9, T.l3.
T.5. Wundurungati (also called Kongarangati) kulkitji (shark); white name Sam; b. c.
1898, arrived Mornington Island 28 October 1948; d. l January 1949 at Mornington
Island; aged c. 51 years; blind in one eye since childhood; f. T.3; m. Xf.2; married
Wf.4; 1 child, Tf.14.
T.6. Kongarangati karwark (queen fish); white name Shorty; b. c. 1905 arrived Mornington
Island on 18 October 1948; living June 1960; age c. 55 years; measured as BI. no.
24; f. unrecorded T. man; m. Sf.1; married Wf.3 and Uf.3 (widow of V.5);
1 child, Xf.20 (by Wf.3).
T.7. Wojopongati (Waijupungati) koako (curlew); b. c. 1915; d. c. 1944, collapsed and
died of sickness while out hunting at Windjarukauru; aged c. 29 years; unmarried;
f. (or more likely stepfather) S.4; m. Uf.9.
T.8. Wojopongati (Waijupungati) walda (moon); b. c. 1918; d. c. 1934, speared and killed
at Dangkokinaijarup; aged c. 14 years; not married; f. (or step—father) Z.3;
m. Tf.4.
T.9. Wanggalkoangati ngorongkolt ( ); white name Paul; b. c. 1920, arrived
on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age c. 40 years; measured
as BI. no. 8; f. (or more likely step-father) S.4; m. Uf.9; married Tf.12 (widow
of U.10); no children.
T.10. Wanaratjingati; b. c. 1927; d. c. 1929 at c. 2 years; f. T.3 (or S.6); m. Sf.10.
T.11. Wanaratjingati; b. c. 1930; d. c. 1934 at c. 4 years; f. T.3 (or S.6); m. Sf.10.
T.l2. Kongarangati wanikar (pelican (?)); white name Dugal (Dougal) Goongarra
(corruption of ngati name); b. c. 1930, arrived on Mornington Island 9 December
1947 after medical inspection trip of Dr. Spalding; living June 1960; age c. 30
years; measured as BI, no, 2; f. (or step-father) S.5; m. Tf.6; married Zf.4;
4 children., Tf.16, Tf.l7, T.20, Tf.l9; also two stillborn, T.16 and T.18 (unsexed)
prior to Tf.16; also suspected father of T.17 and Tf.15 (by Sf.21). Note: Real
father of T.12 may have been T.3.
T.13. Pindjarindjingati kalbara (white crane); white name Frederick; b. c. 1933, arrived on
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age c. 27 years; measured as
BI. no. 11; f. T.4; m. Sf.9; married Tf.13 and Xf.17; 2 children, Tf.18, T.21 and
1 stillborn unsexed, T.19.
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T.14. Mapura bandeingati; b. c. 1934; d. c. 1935 at c. 1 year; f. T.3 (or S.6); rn. Sf.10.
T.15. Kongarangati karumoko (long tom fish); white name Arthur; b. 1938, arrived on
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age 22 years; f. U.11; m.
Uf.12; not married, but promised to Sf.26.
T.16. Stillborn unsexed, b. c. 1949; f. T.12; m. Zf.4.
T.l7. Stillborn male, b. 22 May 1950; reputed f. T.12; m. Sf.21 (see note under Sf.21).
T.18. Stillborn (?); not sexed; b. prior to 1951; f. T.12; m. Zf.4.
T.l9. Stillborn; not sexed; b. January 1951; f. T.13; m. Uf.13.
T.20. ----------- white name Bernard; b. 14 February 1955; living June 1960; age 5 years
3 months; is very blond-haired; f, T.12; m. Zf.4,
T.21. ----------- kalbara (white crane); white name Westie Frederick; b. 9 January 1960;
living June 1960; age 5 months; f, T.13; m. Xf.17.
Females of Dolnoro T
Tf.1. MAPURABANDEIJARUNGATI karwark (queen fish) and/or tantamant ( );
b. c. 1870; d. c. 1933; aged c. 63 years, of mulatji, a poison from the sea; f. -----;
m. -----; married U.1; 3 children, U.6, Uf.4, U.10.
Tf.2. BALTAENGATI tjaparta (sole); b. c. 1883; d. c. 1918; aged c. 35 years. Shot by
white man, inland, at Burumangi, child shot from her body in advanced pregnancy;
f. -----; m. -----; brother was T.1; sister was Tf.3; widow of unknown man;
married S.5; 1 child, S.12 (by unrccorded earlier husband).
Tf.3. KONGARANGATI debedebe (rock cod); b. c. 1885; cl. c. 1925; died of cold wind
during storm while fishing in the water of a creek; aged c. 40 years; f. -----;
m. -----; elder brother was T.1 and elder sister Tf.2; married W.2; 1 child, W.5.
Tf.4. MARDANGKINGATI bilti (tern); b. c. 1898; d. c. 1943 at Lokoti (Rokoti); f. -----;
m. -----; married Z.3, Z.2 and Z.5; 5 children, T.8 (by ?), Z.6, Z.7, Zf.3, Zf.4
(by Z.3).
Tf.5. MAPURABANDEIJARUNGATI wondo (rain); b. c. 1900; d. c. 1945 of sickness at
Kongarai; aged c. 45 years; f. -----; m. -----; married U.6; 2 children, Uf.13,
Uf.14.
Tf.6. K0NGARANGATI bidjarupa (dugong); white name POLLY; b. c. 1906, arrived on
Mornington Island probably in 1947 group; d. shortly after 1948 but no mission
data exists recording her death; f. -----; m. -----; married T.3 (not sure); S.5;
3 children, Tf.10, Tf.11, T.12 (all probably by T.3).
Tf.7. KORATJINGATI raerupudi (queen fish) and/or wonda = karuwi (rain); white name
EDITH; b. c. 1909, arrived on Mornington Island 18 October 1948; living June
1960; age c. 51 years; measured as B.I. no. 33; f. T.2; m. Wf.2; married five
times, Z.3, Z.2, U.10, Z.9, S.19; 3 children, Uf.18, U.17, U.18 (all by U.10).
Tf.8. BELURUNGATI mandatji (eat fish); white name PANSY; b. c. 1917, arrived on
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; d. 13 May 1958, missing, believed drowned;
after death of son; this considered as a suicide by aborigines; aged c. 41 years;
f. T.2; m. Vf.2; married S.6, U.10 and U.14; 1 child, U.19 (by U.10).
Tf.9. MAMBUNGGINGATI debedebe (rock cod); white name ROMA; b. c. 1917, arrived
on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age c. 43 years; measured
as BI. no. 15; f. T.4; m. Sf.9; married U.13, U.10 and S.10; 3 children, Uf.2l
(by U.13), U.20 (by U.10), and S.30 (by S.10).
Tf.10. NGILTALNGATI; b. c. 1925; d. 1947; drowned on raft voyage from Bentinck to
Allen Island; aged c. 22 years; unmarried; f. (or stepfather) S.5; m. Tf.6. Note:
Real father may have been T.3.
Tf.11. TARUKUNGATI; b. c. 1928; d. 1947, drowned on raft voyage from Bentinck to
Allen Island; aged c. 19 years; unmarried; f. (or stepfather), S.5; rn. Tf.6, Note;
Real father may have been T.3.
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Tf.12. WEREKEWEREKENGATI (TJONGKOMANGATI); b. c. 1935 on Sweers Island;
d. 1947, drowned on raft voyage from Bentinck to Allen Island; aged c. 12 years;
parentage not recorded.
Tf.13. TURURUNGATI kanatu (oil fish); white name ALISON, (ALLISON); b. c. 1936
at Tururu, arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age
c. 24 years; measured as BI. no. 23; f. T.3 (or S.6); m. Sf.10; married Y.5;
1 child, Yf.5.
Tf.14. KAKONGATI talkuruki (giant kingfisher) ; white name ISABELLE; b. 1 July 1943,
birth estimate in Mornington Island Register, arrived Mornington Island 18 October
1948; living June 1960; age 16 years 11 months; measured as BI. no. 35; not yet
married; f. T.5; m. Wf.4.
Tf.15. ----------- white name MILDRED; b. November 1948 on Mornington Island; d. 23
May 1949; aged 6 months; f. (suspected) T.12; m. (unmarried) Sf.21 (see note
under Sf.2l).
Tf.16. ----------- white name AGNES; b. 18 April 1952 on Mornington Island; living June
1960; aged 8 years 1 month; f. T.12; m. Zf.4.
Tf.17. ----------- white name AMY; b. 1953-54; d. 1953-54; f. T.12; m. Zf.4.
Tf.18. ----------- (white crane); white name DAPHNE; b. 4 March 1955 on
Mornington Island; living June 1960; aged 4 years 9 months; f. T.13; m. Xf.17.
Tf.19. ----------- white name GAY; b. 1 July 1959; d. 14 July 1959; aged 14 days;
f. T.12; m. Zf.4.
Males of Dolnoro U
U.1. Banbanngati; b. c. 1865 at Banbanbarukeind; d. c. 1917; aged c. 52 years; f -----;
m. -----; married Tf.1 and Uf.3 (no issue); 3 children, U.6, Uf.4, U.10 (by Tf.1).
U.2. Njinjilkingati bidjarupa (dugong); b. c. 1870; d. c. 1918, drowned at Rendjalkauru
after being shot at by a white man; aged c. 48 years; f. -----; m. -----; married
Uf.1; 2 children, Uf.3, U.9.
U.3. Tjiluangati karwark (queen fish); b. c. 1875; d. c. 1910, speared and killed in a fight;
aged c. 35 years; f. -----; m. -----; married Vf.1; 2 children, Uf.7, Uf.11.
U.4. Modomodongati airuput (small mackarel); b. c. 1885; d. after 1915; f. -----;
m. -----; married Sf.5, Sf.6; 2 children, U.12, U.13.
U.5. Markurukandjingati burantant (bone fish); b. c. 1895; d. c. 1939 at Minakuri of a
swelling sickness of the stomach called makoitj which is believed to come after
breaking a food eating rule; f. -----; m. -----; married Vf.4 (widow of W.3),
Xf.9 (widow of W.3), Note: 1 stepchild Wf.6 from Vf.4, by W.3.
U.6. (ascribed also to W.) Modomodongati ngorolko, also toato (rainbow) and/or birint
( ); b. c. 1895; d. c. 1940, drowned at Wunki from a raft (broke a
rule by killing a flying fox in the day time and became lost in heavy fog while
fishing with bark flares at night), a tall thin man; aged c. 45 years; f. U.1; m. Tf.1;
married Tf.5, Uf.3 (young widow of his father, U.1}; 4 children, Uf.13, Uf.14
(by Tf.5), Uf.l5, U.16 (by Uf.3).
U.7. (but could belong to S.) Kabaratjingati karwark (queen fish); b. c. 1896; d, c. 1920
of stomach sickness at Kongara; not married; aged c. 24 years; f. U.22; m. Sf.1.
U.8. Njinjilkingati kadabalt (curlew) and Wardundi (mangrove dwelling rat.); b. c. 1897;
d. c. 1928, death attributed to a shot by a white man at Kongarai while alone;
aged c. 31 years; f. -----; m. -----; married Uf.10; 1 child, Uf.16.
U.9. Korowaraingati bidjarupa (dugeng); b. c. 1898; d. c. 1918, killed by white man in
bush on Bentinck Island; aged c. 20 years; unmarried; f. U.2; m. Uf.1.
U.10. Rotjorotjongati tadaoka (pumpkinhead fish); white name Willy; b. c. 1900; d. July -
August 1945, killed by S.16 at Minakuri; aged c. 45 years; his grave seen; his widows
still had unhealed mourning slashes on 17 August 1945; f. U.1; m. Tf.1; married six
wives, Tf.7, Tf.9, Uf.3 (his father’s widow), Tf.8, Xf.9, Sf.12; 4 children, Uf.18,
U.17 and U.18 (by Tf.7), U.19 (by Tf.8).
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U.11. Kalturingati walda (moon); b. c. 1905; d. c. 1944; a tall man; aged c. 39 years;
speared and killed at Mededingki by S.8 who sneaked on him while he was spearing
fish; f. -----; m. -----; married Uf.12; 3 children, U.14, U.15, T.15 (check reason
for difference in dolnoro).
U.12. Dodjonapangati tjoanda (white porpoise); b. c. 1912; d. c. 1945; tall young man;
unmarried; speared by a man from Minakuri; f. U.4; m. Sf.5.
U.13. Bokanaijarupangati makulda (big headed turtle); b. c. 1915; d. c. 1944; aged c. 29
years; speared at Tjarapand by Z.8, died of wounds at Kongara; f. U.4; m. Sf.5;
married Tf.9; 1 child, Uf.21.
U.14. Baltaengati debedebe (rock cod); white name Maurice; b. c. 1932, arrived on
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age c. 28 years; measured
as BI. no. 5; f. U.11; m. Uf.12; married Sf.10 and Tf.8; 2 children, U.21, Uf.22
(by Sf.10).
U.15. Werungati mialt (Hat iish); white name Colin; b. c, 1935; arrived on Mornington
Island 4 August 1947; d. 20 March 1952; aged c. 17 years; unmarried; but reputed
father of Uf.23 (part Kaiadilt) by Lardiil woman IDA.
U.16. Borerungati tjardaruki (crow) ; white name Desmond; b. 1936; arrived on Mornington
Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age 24 years; measured as BI. no. 6; not
married; f. U.6; rn. Uf.3.
U.17. Djoragarangati burantant (bone fish); white name Darwin; b. 1 July 1939 (fide late
entry in Mission Register), arrived on Mornington Island 18 October 1948; living
June 1960; age 21 years 0 months; measured as BI. no. 3; f. U.10; m. Tf.7;
married Sf.25; no children.
U.18. Moraringati; white name Donald; b. c. 1941 on Sweers Island; arrived on Mornington
Island 18 October 1948; living June 1960; age 19 years; not married; f. U.l0;
m. Tf.7.
U.19. Tarurukingati murkudi (groper {ish); white name Tony; b. 1 July 1942 (fide late
entry in Mission Register) at Taaro; arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947;
d. 24 September 1955, drowned in a canoe accident off Forsyth Island; aged 13
years 3 months; f. U.10; m. Tf.8
U.20. Modomodongati, also called Korowaringati tjadark ( ); white name Roland;
b. c. 1945; arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age
c. 15 years; unmarried; measured as BI. no. 37; f. U.10; m. Tf.9.
U.21. ------------- male child; b. c. 1947; arrived Mornington Island 4 August 1947; d. c.
1948; aged c. 1 years; f. U.14; rn. Sf.10.
U.22. (out of sequence) no name (father of Kabaratji karwark); b. -----; d. c. 1904;
married Sf.1 (also perhaps Sf.2 but no issue); 2 children, U.7, Uf.5.
Females of Dolnoro U
Uf.1. DANGALBADANGONGATI djingkawarangaloro (south-east wind); b. c. 1875; d. c.
1918; aged c. 43 years; drowned at Pungkalwangki after being shot at by white men
f. -----; m. -----; married U.2; 2 children, Uf.3, U.9.
Uf.2. JUMUTANGATI (YUMATERR of Mission Records); b. c. 1885; d. c. 1940; aged c.
55 years; drowned during a 1940 raft voyage from Bentinck to Allen Island; her
son X.5 got there with some of the party; f. -----; m. -----; married X.2; 1
Child, X.5.
Uf.3. BALTAENGATI bidjarupa (dugong); white name EVE; b. c. 1894; arrived on
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; d. 1 September 1954; aged c. 64 years; cause
of death given as 'age'; f. U.2; m. Uf.1; married U.1, U.6, U.10 (she was his
father’s other wife), S.6, then S.10 who just before his death passed her to V.5
(in October 1950), T.6; 2 children, Uf.15, U.16 (by U.6).
Page 328
Uf.4. DUBALKARURONGATI tadaoka (pumpkinhead nsh); white name MARA; b. c. 1897,
arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947, was the woman who reported the
mass drowning on the voyage by rafts from Bentinck to Allen Island; d. 1948 (after
June}; aged c. 51 years; f. U.1; m. Tf.1; married S.5; 3 children, Sf.15, S.18,
Sf.23.
Uf.5. KABARATJINGATI raeruputa (a white fish); b. c. 1898; cl. c. 1908 of sickness at
Kongara; aged c. 10 years; f. U.22; m. Sf.1.
Uf.6. TJILIWANGATI karwark (queen fish); b. c. 1905 at Tjiliwa = ? Tjiwiakara; d.
c. 1933; aged 28 years, at Markaruki; went out into water, on return her stomach
swelled up; f. -----; m. -----; married S.7; 1 child, Uf.17. (Note that the father ’s
4 other children by two other wives Sf.7 and Vf.5 are of dolnoro V.)
Uf.7. KALNJIRINGATI balibali (black spotted stingray) and Karwark ( );
white name HANNAH; b. c. 1905; arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; d.
August 1947; aged c. 42 years; described as having appearance of an aged woman
at death; f. U.3; m. Vf.1; married S.11, S.7, S.10; 3 children, Sf.24, Sf.26 (by
S.11), S.24 (by S.10); 2 step-children, Sf.12 and Uf,15 (of earlier marriage in her
husband’s menage, parentage not recorded).
Uf.8. TARDARUKINGAT1 (TADABUNBATEREINT) debedebe (rock cod); b. c. 1905;
d. c. 1935; aged c. 30 years; f. -----; m. -----; married V.3; 1 child, Vf.9.
Uf.9. WERUNGATUNGATI boroti (sole); b. c. 1905; cl. 1935 at Kongara of fish poisoning
from a species of sardine-like fish; aged c. 30 years; f. -----; m. -----; married
S.4; 2 children, T.7, T.9 (probably both children by an earlier husband).
Uf.10. DANGKANKURUNGATI ngarumati (spoonbill); b, c. 1907; d. c. 1944, killed at
Taruruki with a spear by Z.8; aged c. 37 years; f. -----; m. -----j married U.8,
S.9; 3 children, Uf.16 (by U.8), Sf.21, Sf.25 (by S.9).
Uf.11. TALMANGKINGATI bidjarupa (dugong); b. c. 1910; d. c. 1945, at Bokatau, of
karwar (sickness) after she had been clubbed by her husband (Y.1); aged c. 35
years; f. U.3; m. Vf.1; married Y.1; no children.
Uf.12. DJILAWANGATI (TJIWIAKARANGATI) balibali (black spotted stingray) ; white
name DINNY (sometimes JINNY); b. c. 1912; arrived on Mornington Island 4
August 1947; d, 11 April 1958 of pneumonia; aged c. 46 years; f. -----; m. -----;
married U.11, T.9; 3 children, U.l4, U.15, T.15 (parentage of T.15 is ascribed to
first husband but T.15 is now claimed as belonging to T.0's dolnoro).
Uf.13. DANGKANKURUNGATI tadaoka (pumpkinhead fish); white name VERA; b. c.
1920; arrived on Mornington Island 18 October 1948; d. 28 March 1951; aged c. 31
years; was pregnant in December 1950, had stillborn child January, blood trans-
fusions at Normanton Hospital 28 January; unable to swallow water 27th March
1951; f. U.6; m. Tf.5; married S.14, S.18 who gave her to T.13 in 1950; 1 child,
S.27 (by S.18) and one stillborn child not sexed T.16 (by T.13).
Uf.14. MARALNGATI (DANGKANKURUNGATI) burantant (bone fish); b. c. 1924;
d. 1947, drowned on raft voyage from Bentinck to Allen Island; aged c. 23 years;
f. U.6; m. Tf.5; married S.5; no children.
Uf.15. OMBOMAKUTARUPANGATI (WOMBAMAKUTARUPAINGATI) tjaparta (sole);
b. c. 1927; d. c. 1947 of sickness of the stomach; death attributed to magic, by
using her faeces; aged c. 20 years; f. U.6; m. Uf.3; married S.8; no children.
Uf.16, BALTAENGATI bidjarupa (dugong); white name MARGARET BENTINCK; b.
c. 1927; arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; d. 'shortly after 1950';
aged c. 24 years; f. U.8; m. Uf.10; not married, but taken by S.5 until he was
forced to release her; had one child, Sf.30, attributed to S.5; it was adopted and
reared by Vf.10 to whom it has sometimes been ascribed, in error.
Uf.17. RAIARATARUPAINGATI (RAIRAWATARUPAINGATI) tjilangand (biface
chopping stone); white name PHOEBE; b. c. 1927; arrived on Mornington Island
4 August 1947; living June 1960; age c. 33 years; measured as BI. no. 28; f. S.7;
m. Uf.6; married S.8, S.10; 2 children, S.23, Sf.33 (by S.10); 1 child S.33 after
being widow for 1 year 6 months.
Page 329
Uf.18. KABARATJINGATI; b. c. 1931; d. 1947; drowned on raft voyage from Bentinck to
Allen Island; aged c. 16 years; f. U.10; m. Tf.7; newly married to S.5 when she
died; no children.
Uf.19. OMBOMAKUTARUPANGATI ngarawunt (blue parrot fish); b. c. 1932; arrived on
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; d. 1947, but no record available of her death;
aged c. 15 years; father, not recorded; stepmother Uf.3; not married.
Uf.20. RAIARATARUPAINGATI kapinta (water snake) and/or mingingur (woppa fish);
white name AMY; b. 1 July 1942 (according to late entry in Mission Register);
arrived Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age 17 years 11
months; measured as BI. no. 34; f. stepfather S.8 (real father not recorded); m.
Zf.2; not married; no marriage arrangements yet made.
Uf.21. DANGKANKURUNGATI makulda (big-headed turtle); white name DAPHNE; b.
1942; arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; d. 23 December 1947 of stings
of jelly fish, received while swimming; aged 5 years; f. U.13; m. Tf.9.
Uf.22. MILBULKAIKATARANGATI; b. 1945; d. 1945; aged c. 1 week; f. U.14; m. Sf.10.
Uf.23. ------------- white name ALISTAIR.; b. 9 July 1952 on Mornington Island; living
June 1960; age 7 years 11 months; f. said to be U.15; m. a Lardiil woman, IDA of
Mornington Island; a widow not married to U.15 [by some not recognized as
belonging to the Bentinck Island people, but regarded as a Lardiil person].
Males of Dolnoro V
V.1. Tarurukingati warungalta (south-east wind); b. c. 1872; d. c. 1918; aged c. 45 years;
shot by a white man on horseback at Korombali (identified by his son as in a
1901 photograph taken by J. F, Bailey); f. -----; m. -----; married Zf.l, also
perhaps Sf.3 who passed to S.2; 4 children, V.2, Vf.2, V.3, Vf.6 (by Zf.1), also
perhaps V.4, Vf.7 (by Sf.3).
V.2. Tadulkingati (Ngaiangaiangati) jakar (porpoise); b. c. 1893; d. c. 1915; aged c. 22
years; f. V.1; m. Sf.1; not married.
V.3. Tadulkingati matali (sea-eagle); white name Jack; b. c. 1900; arrived on Mornington
Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age c. 60 years; measured as BI. no. 7;
f. V.1; m. Zf.1; married Uf.8, Xf.9 (no children) and Wf.6; 1 child, Vf.9 (by
Uf.8); 2 children, Vf.11, V.8 (by Wf.6) who had Yf.4 by previous husband.
V.4. Tarurukingati jalunta (seaweed); b. c. 1903; d. c. 1918; aged c. 15 years; shot at and
killed by white man from a small ship at Baltae (Fowler Island) at same time as
his father; f. perhaps V.l with S.2 as stepfather; m. Sf.3; not married.
V.5. Tarurukingati morukadi (groper fish); white name Pluto; b. c. 1920; arrived on
Mornington Island 17 October 1948; living June 1960; age c. 40 years; measured
as BI. no. 9; a photograph dated December 1947 with Dr. Spalding is available;
f. S.7; In. Sf.7; married Uf.3, widow of U.6 who had first passed to U.10 then to
S.10; no children by her; a widower since 1954.
V.6. Wartadangati bulunduntu ( ); b. c. 1925; d. c. 1932, at Minakuri; aged
c. 7 years, of kok, or sores all over his body; f. S.7; m. Uf.6.
V.7. Wartadangati bilti (torn); b. c. 1942; d. c. 1945, speared by S.17; aged c. 4 years;
f. S.7; in. Vf.7.
V.8. ------------- mingingur (woppa fish); white name James; b. July 1947; arrived on
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; d. 12 April 1950; aged 2 years 9 months; f.
V.3; m. Wf.6.
Females of Dolnoro V
Vf.1. PINDINGARUPAINGATI balumbant ( ); b. c. 1883; d, c. 1933 of sick-
ness; aged c. 50 years; f. -----; m. -----; married U.3; 2 childr-en, Uf.7, Uf.11.
Page 330
Vf.2. JUMUTANGATI jalunta (seaweed); b. c. 1896; d. c. 1927 or after, at Mededingki of
sickness; aged c. 31 years; said to have been a short fat woman; f. V.1; m. Zf.1;
ma.rried T.2, S.5; 2 children, Tf.8 (by T.2), S.19 (by S.5).
Vf.3. TALMANGKINGATI kaiwaruki (big black fish); b. c. 1897 ; d. c. 1926, at Dongalakara
of sickness; face swelled up; aged c. 29 years; f. -----; m. -----; married W.1;
2 children, Wf.4, Wf.5.
Vf.4. DUNGALAKARANGATI banga (turtle); b, c. 1903; d. c. 1947 at Minakuri of spear
wound inflicted by S.18; aged c. 44 years; f. -----; m. -----; married Y.2, W.3,
U.5; 4 children, Y.3 (by Y.2), W.7, W.8, Wf.6 (by W.3); no children by U.5.
Vf.5. DODJONGAPANGATI kambo (rock cod) and/or bidjarupa (dugong); b. c. 1905; d.
c. 1944; speared in an open fight at Marant by S.18 and died at Kongara; aged
c. 39 years; f. -----; m. -----; married S.7; 2 children, Vf.10, V.7.
Vf.6. TJORDJORORONGATI; b. c. 1906; d. c. 1919, at Tondoi, cause not indicated; aged
c. 13 years; f. V.1; m. Zf.1; not married.
Vf.7. DODJONGAPANGATI taliwindi (trumpet shell); b. c. 1905; d. c. 1920, of sickness
at Njinjilki; aged c. 15 years; f. V.1; m. Sf.3; not married.
Vf.8. KONGARANGATI bilti (tern); b. c. 1923; d. c. 1937, of stomach trouble at
Barkowakar; aged c. 14 years; unmarried; f. S.7; m. Sf.7.
Vf.9. DONGKOROREINGATI warungalta (south-east wind); b. c. 1925; d. c. 1931, at
Dongkororei; aged c. 6 years; f. V.3; rn. Uf.8.
Vf.10. DONGKOROREINGATI kardakadi (a sea bird); white name MONA; b. c. 1930 (or
earlier); arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; aged 30
years (or older); f. S.7; m. Vf.5; married S.17; 3 children, S.32, S.37, Sf.38
(Sf. 30 was an adopted child of Uf.16 (unmarried girl), reputedly by S.5).
Vf.11. KALNJIRINGATI mandatji (cat fish); white name RITA; b. 1 July 1942 (late
record in Mission Register); arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living
June 1960; ago 17 years 11 months; not married; f. V.3; m. Wf.6.
Males of Dolnoro W
W.1. Kakongati burantant (bone fish); b. c. 1885; d. c. 1915 at Botenki of stomach sickness
and diarrhoea; aged c. 30 years; f. -----; m. -----; married Vf.3; 2 children, Wf.4,
Wf.5.
W.2. ---------- -ngati toato (rainbow); b. before 1885; d. c. 1925; aged over 40 years;
f. -----; m. -----; married Tf.3, Xf.6, Sf.7; 3 children, W.3 (by Xf.7), W.4 (by
Sf.6), W.5 (by Tf.3).
W.3. Markurukandjingati toato (rainbow); b. c. 1905; d. c. 1935; aged c. 30 years, of sick-
ness and hunger because he could not eat; f. W.2; m. Xf.7; married 5 wives, Sf.6
(widow of W.2), Xf.9, Xf.10, Xf.11, Vf.4; 5 children, W.7, W.8, Wf.6 (hy Vf.4),
Wf.7 (by Xf.9), no children by Xf.6, W.6 (by Xf.11). Xf.10 is said to have
'belonged' to W.3 and she had had one child (Xf.14), but she was also stated to
have remained 'single' all her life; it will be noted that her daughter 'belongs'
to her mother’s dolnoro.
(There are still doubts about the data for this man and his family. He inherited
his father’s wife Xf.6, who already had a son of the same totem (toato) as himself;
his widowed wives were later taken by U.5, a man of the same ngati name.)
W.4. Walkareringati toato (rainbow); white name Rainbow; b. before 1910; removed from
Allen Island to Aurukun by police in April 1941; d. 5 May 1945, aged over 35 years,
of sickness during an influenza epidemic at Aurukun; described as 'elderly' at
death; f. W.2; m. Xf.6; married Xf.15, Xf.16; 4 children, Wf.8, W.10, Wf.9
(by Xf.15), W.11 (by Xf.16).
W.5. Male child of W.2; b. c. 1922; d. c. 1925; aged c. 3 years, at same time as its mother;
f. W.2; m. Tf.3.
W.6. Kakongati kulpanda (Arca shell fish); b, c. 1925; d. c. 1945; drowned at Taruruki on
south coast of Bentinck Island; aged c. 20 years; not married; f. W.3; m. Xf.11.
Page 331
W.7. Dangkongarupaingati burantant (bono fish); b. c. 1927; d. 1947; drowned during raft
voyage from Bentinck to Allen Island; aged c. 20 years; unmarried; f. W.3;
m. Vf.4.
W.8. Dangkongarupaingati ngarawunt (blue parrot iish); b. c. 1930; d. c. 1942, aged c. 12
years at Dangkongarupai; cause of death not stated; f. W.3; m. Vf.4.
W.9. Walkareringati; b. c. 1935; d. 1947; drowned during raft voyage from Bentinck to
Allen Island; aged c. 11 Years; f. -----; m. -----.
W.10. Minakuringati jakuri (red snapper fish); white name Bobbie Kummari; b. 3 April
1937 (fide late entry at Aurukun Mission); removed by police from Allen Island
to Aurukun, April 1941; arrived on Mornington Island September 1953; living June
1960; age 23 years; not married; measured as BI. no. 12; f. W.4; n1. Xf.15; was
born away from his dolnoro.
W.11. Dalendurungati; white name Barney Walpo; b. 11 April 1940 on Allen Island; removed
to Aurukun by police April 1941; arrived on Mornington Island September 1953;
living June 1960; age 20 years 2 months; not married; f. W.4; m. Xf.16.
Females of Dolnoro W
Wf.1. KAKONGATI walpukuteri (raft); b. c. 1864; d. c. 1924; aged c. 60 years, 'just
died'; f. -----; m. -----; married S.1 (probably was widow of a. man of T.
dolnoro); 4 children, T.2, Sf.4, S.3, S.5.
Wf.2. DANGKONGARUPAINGATI burantant (bone fish); b. c. 1870; d. c. 1920; killed in
a fight after being chased into the sea at Malunji; aged c. 50 years; f. -----;
m. -----; married T.2; 2 children, T.4, Tf.7.
Wf.3. KAKONGATI mali (fresh water turtle); white name LAURA; b, c. 1910; arrived
on Mornington Island 21 October 1948 on the launch Martin; last family to leave
Bentinck Island; d. 21 January 1949; aged c. 39 years; f. -----; m. -----; married
T.6; 1 child, Xf.20.
Wf.4. DAWARINGATI kulkitji (shark); white name MAUDIE PAT; b. c. 1913 at
Dawarinap; took part in a short visit to Mornington Island July 1945; arrived
permanently Mornington Island 18 October 1948; living June 1960; age c. 47 years;
measured as BI, no. 32; f. W.1; m. Vf.3; married Y.1, T.5, X.3, S.18; 5 children,
Y.5, Y.6 (by Y.1), Tf.14 (by T.5), Xf.20 (by X.3), S.34 (by S.18).
Wf.5. BOTENKINGATI burantant (bone fish); b. c. 1917; d. c. 1937; killed at Biraruki,
struck down by Y.1, her husband; aged c. 20 years; f. W.1; m. Vf.3; married Y.1;
no children.
Wf.6. BIRARUKINGATI dadowokara (brown fish); white name JENNY; b. c. 1922;
arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age c. 38 years;
measured as B1. no. 19; f. W.3 (U.5 is a stepfather); rn. Vf.4; married Y.2, V.3;
3 children, Yf.4 (by Y.2), Vf.4 (considered as V. dolnoro but probably belongs to
Y.3, V.8 (by V.3).
Wf.7. DANGKONGARUPAINGATI jaokati (jabiru); white name DULCIE; b. c. 1925;
removed from Allen Island to Aurukun by police in April 1941 (age then estimated
as 14-15 years}; living at Aurukun Mission June 1960; not seen, but reported alive
by Rev. W. F. MacKenzie; aged c. 35 years; f. W.3; m. Xf.9; married Edward
Munukka Koondoombin of Aurukun; 2 children, Of.1, Of.3.
Wf.8. WALKARERINGATI ---------- ; b. c. 1933; d. c. 1935 at Minakuri; aged c. 2 years;
f. W.4; m. Xf.15.
Wf.9. DALENDURUNGATI riningati (tiger shark); white name JUDY WALPO; b. 15
August 1940 on Allen Island (fide Anrukun Mission Records); removed to Aurukun
by police in April 1941; arrived on Mornington Island September 1953; living June
1960; age 19 years 10 months; not married; f. W.4; m, Xf.15.
Page 332
Males of Dolnoro X
X.1. Minakuringati ----------- ; b. c. 1855; d. probably before 1900; f. -----; m. -----;
married -------- ; 1 known child, Xf.1.
X.2. Minakuringati kulkitji (shark); b. c. 1880; d. c. 1925, of sickness of stomach at
Walkareri; f. -----; m. -----; married 3 wives, Xf.4, Uf,2, Yf.1; 7 children, X.4,
Xf.11, Xf.13 (by Xf.4), X.5 (by Uf.2), Xf.8, Xf.10, X.6, Xf.15 (by Yf.1).
X.3. Dalwaingati; b. c. 1885; no record of death but perhaps between 1944 and 1946;
f. -----; m. -----; married Wf.4 and another; 2 children, Xf.12 (by unrecorded
wife), Xf.20 (by Wf.4),
X.4. Birarukingati kulkitji (shark); b. c. 1903; d. c. 1936; killed at Dalwa on Albinia
Island; aged c. 33 years; f. X.2; m. Xf.4; married Xf.12 (widow of Y.2); 1 child,
Xf.17.
X5. Minakuringati kulkitji (shark); white name Shark Koolkitcha, given at Aurukun; b. c.
1905; removed from Allen lsland to Aurukun by police in April 1941, after killing
of a Mornington Island Mission native named Cripple Jack; arrived on Mornington
Island from Aurukun September 1953; living June 1960; age c. 55 years; measured
as BI. no. 10; f. X.2; m. Uf.2; married Xf.14; 3 children, Xf.18, Xf.l9, X.7.
Rev. MacKenzie considers this child is by an unknown Aurukun man, principally on
the ground that X.5 is reputed to have 'castrated' himself in 1941 while in jail
at Cloncurry on trial for the murder of Cripple Jack at Allen Island. In the eyes
of a Forsyth Islander this family was a model one; the marriage was 'straight'
and others should have 'gone this way'.
X.6, Unggultakaruruki [ngati] --------- (fish); b. c. 1915; d. 'as baby'; aged c. 1 year;
f. X.2; m. Yf.1. (The ngati name of this child probably has been incorrectly
recorded and it may be a totem name.]
X.7. 'Kooindoambin' (name in Aurukun records) kulkitji (shark); white name Royce;
b. 23 October 1950 at Aurukun; arrived on Mornington Island September 1953;
living Juno 1960; age 9 years 8 months; f. ostensibly X.5 (but see note above);
m. Xf.14.
Females of Dolnoro X
Xf.1. BARAKURUNGATI mariwu (oyster pick stone); b. c. 1875; d. after 1910 of poison-
ing from food she had eaten; aged over 35 years; f. X.1; m. not indicated; married
S.2; 3 children, Sf.8, S.10, Sf.10.
Xf.2. MEANGATI leband (brown deh); b. c. 1880 at Mean = Miant; d. c. 1940, of sickness
at Bilmaru; f. -----;; m. -----; married T.3; 1 child T.5 (may have been step-
child only of T.3).
Xf.3. MOROKONOBAINGATI karnda (bushiire) and tantamant (water spout); karnda was
the 'proper one'; b. c. 1880; was shot at by white man c. 1918 but escaped; died
1946 or 1947 at Baltae of sickness; aged c. 67 years; f. -----; m. -----; married
S.2; 4 children, S.8, S.15, S.17, Sf.17.
Xf.4. WARANTJINGATI bidjarupa (dugong); b. c. 1883; d. 1947, at Dangkongarupai of
sickness; aged c. 64 years; f. -----; m. -----; married X.2; 3 children, X.4,
Xf.11, Xf.13.
Xf.5. KUDAURUNGATI ---------- ; b. c. 1883; d. c. 1928. in the mangroves at Kombali
of exposure aud cold in south-east trade wind weather; described as having a large
growth on left side of her body which stretched down to her feet; this when it
grew big, she supported under her arm; aged c. 45 years; f. -----; m. -----;
married S.5; 1 child, Sf.19.
Xf.6. BADATJINGATI --------- ; b. c. 1885, outside her dolnoro area; d. c. 1920, at
Kuldungki of sickness; aged c. 35 years; f. -----; m. -----; married W.2, then
her husband’s son, W.3; 1 child, W.4 (by W.2).
Xf.7. WARANTJINGATI tantamant (water spout); b. c. 1888; d. c. 1925 at Markaruki;
aged c. 37 years; f. -----; m. -----; married W.2; 1 child, W.3.
Page 333
Xf.8. MINAKURINGATI kulkitji (shark); white name SUSIE; b. c. 1905; arrived on
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age c. 55 years; measured as
BI. no. 22; f. X.2; m. Yf.1; married S.10, S.19; now a widow; no children.
Xf.9. KAWULNJIRINGATI wardundi (mangrove—dwelling rat); b. c. 1910; d. c. 1930
at Tondoi (Dundui); aged c. 20 years; f. -----; rn. -----; married V.3; no
children.
Xf.10. PAKAITJINGATI worobari (bone fish); white name SARAH No. 2; b. c. 1907 at
Bakaendja = Pakaitji on Dalwai Island; removed from Allen Island to Aurukun
by police in April 1941; arrived on Mornington Island September 1953; living June
1960; age c. 53 years; measured as BI. no. 18; is a very deaf woman; considered
as a widow now; said to have remained 'single all her life' although she had had
a child and 'belonged' to W.3; f. X.2; m. Yf.1; 1 child, Xf.14 (father unknown).
Xf.11. MINAKURINGATI kulkitji (shark); b. c. 1907; d. c. 1928 of sickness; aged c. 21
years; f. X.2; m. Xf.4; married W.3; 1 child, W.6.
Xf.l2. MINAKURINGATI bidjarupa (dugong); white name MOLLY BENTINCK given in
1945; b. c. 1910; d. c. 1946 at Dangkankuru, by spearing; f. X.3; m. -----;
married Y.2, X.4; 2 children, Y.4 (by Y.2), Xf.17 (by X.4).
Xf.13. MINAKURINGATI kulkitji (shark); b. c. 1912; d. c. 1927; aged c. 15 years; not
married; f. X.2; m. Xf.4.
Xf.14. MINAKURINGATI walpu (raft), tjariru (flat-tailed stingray) and/or toato
(rainbow); white name JEAN TAWDU; b. c. 1918; removed from Allen Island
to Aurukun by police April 1941; died 29 April 1953, from sickness and rib injury
received in a fight with another woman; aged c. 35 years; f. unknown; m. Xf.10;
married X.5; 3 children, Xf.1B, Xf.19, X.7 (see notes under X.5).
Xf.15. MOROKONOBAINGATI walawa (a ish); white name MOLLY WOLAU, WOOLA
or OOLA (as used at Aurukun); b. c. 1919 on Dalwai Island; removed from Allen
Island to Auruknn by police April 1941; arrived on Mornington Island September
1953; living June 1960; age c. 41 years; measured as BI. no. 14; f. X.2; m. Yf.1;
married W.4, then Robert Kongnampa of Aurukun on 20 February 1946; also had
a child by Nigel Pootdemunka of Kendall River; 5 children, Wf.8, W.10, Wf.9
(by W.4), Of.3 (by Robert), O.1 (by Nigel).
Xf.16. MEANGATI bidjarupa (dugong); white name "OOJINJINT"; b. c. 1920; removed
from Allen Island 1941 by police and died at Mornington Island in 1941 from
weakness after giving birth; her child was taken to the father at Aurukun, 17
September 1941; f. -----; m. -----; married W.4; 1 child, W.11.
Xf.17. MINAKURINGATI kulkitji (shark); white name CARMEL; b. c. 1930; arrived on
Mornington Island 18 October 1948; living June 1960; age c. 24 years; measured as
BI. no, 20; f, X.4; rn. Xf.12; married S.19, T.13; 1 child, T.21 (by T.13).
Xf.18. TALIWINDIWURUNGATI kulkitji (shark); white name ANN OOLOOKO (or)
OOLOKA; b. 11 May 1940 (fide Aurukun records), on Allen Island; removed to
Aurukun April 1941; arrived on Mornington Island September 1953; living June
1960; age 20 years 1 month; not married; f. X.5; m. Xf.14.
Xf.19. --------- ; white name EMILY; b. 17 August 1943 at Aurukun; d. 7 May 1950 at
Aurukun; aged 6 years 9 months; f, X.5; m. Xf.14.
Xf.20. MINAKURINGATI banga (turtle); white name ELSIE; b. 3 July 1945, ostensibly
at Minakuri but actually on Mornington Island on day mother was taken back to
Bentinck Island (after first short visit) ; returned permanently to Mornington Island
18 October 1948; living June 1960; age 14 years 11 months; measured as BI. no.
41; f. X.3; m. Wf.4. Note: The father was also said to be S.18, which may
suggest X.3 died before ber birth.
Page 334
Xf.21. MINAKURINGATI raerupuda (a fish); white name SYLVIA; b. 3 May 1947;
arrived on Mornington Island 21 October 1948 (last child to arrive); living June
1960; age 13 years 1 month; measured as BI. no. 42; f. T.6; m. Wf.3 (reason for
child being in dolnoro X. not yet evident).
Males of Dolnoro Y
Y.1. Tawaringati kulkitji (shark); h. c. 1900; d. c. 1940; killed with spear at Munawurui
by S.8; aged c. 40 years; 'a tall man'; f. -----; m. -----; married Wf.4,
Wf.5, Uf.11; 2 children, Y.5, Y.6 (by Wf.4).
Y.2. Birarukingati bidjarupa (dugong) and/or Walpu (raft); b. c. 1905; d. c. 1945;
drowned from a raft in an accident; aged c. 40 years (widow claims he was a
'young' man; it is possible that there was also an older man with walpu totem
who is confused here); f. -----; m. -----; married Vf.4, Wf.6, Xf.12; 3
children, Y.3 (by Vf.4), Yf.4 (by Wf.6), Y.4 (by Xf.12), also Yf.3 is probably
his daughter (by Sf.14).
Y.3. Tjodjongatjorongati burantant (bone fish); b. c. 1923; d. c. 1943; 'just died'; not
married; was dumb from birth; f. Y.2; m. Vf.4.
Y.4. Tawaringati bininj (mullet); white name Charlie Woollo; b. 2 October 1930 (date as
given in Aurukun records, authority not evident); removed from Allen Island to
Aurukun by police in April 1941; arrived at Mornington Island 1950; d. 1950 at
Burketown, of encephalitis; not married; aged c. 20 years; f. X.4; m. Xf.12 (reason
for dolnoro placing not established).
Y.5. Ngarangati banga (turtle) and/or tantamant (waterspout); white name Smiler; b. c.
1935 at Ngara on south side of Bentinck Island; arrived on Mornington Island
from Allen Isand 2 July 1947; d. 10 July 1952; aged c. 17 years; f. Y.1; m. Wf.4;
married Tf.13; 1 child, Yf.5 (born 13 months after father’s death, but ascribed
to him).
Y.6. Birarukingati tantamant (water spout); white name Billy; b. 1940; arrived on
Mornington Island 18 October 1948; living June 1960; age 20 years; measured as
BI, no. 13; not married; f. Y.1; m. Wf.4.
Females of Dolnoro Y
Yf.1. BIRARUKINGATI bidjarupa (dngong); b. c. 1885; d. c. 1940; killed with a spear
at Tjiltjadji on south side of Bentinck Island when her daughter Xf.15 and
daughter’s daughter Wf.8 were taken away to Allen Island by W.4; f. -----;
m. -----; married X.2; 4 children, Xf.8, Xf.10, X.6, Xf.15 (by X.2).
Yf.2. BIRARUKINGATI kulkitji (shark); b. c. 1898; d. 1943; killed with spear at
Markaruki by S.16, aided by S.15; aged c. 45 years; f. -----; m. -----; married
Z.4; 4 children, Zf.2, Z.8, Zf.5, Zf.6 (by Z.4).
Yf.3. BIRARUKINGATI bidjarupa (dugong); white name ANNA; b. 1936; arrived on
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age 24 years; not married;
no children; f. S.5; 1:1. Sf.14. (Dolnoro positively identified; no explanation for
difference from that of father.)
Yf.4. DJODJONGATJORO rurupururupu (black fish hawk); white name VALMAE; b. c.
1940 (was alive on 1 July 1941); arrived on Mornington Island 4 August 1947;
living June 1960; age c. 20 years; not married; f. Y.2; m. Wf.; 1 child, Of.5
(by Colin Williams of Lardiil Tribe, Mornington Island).
Yf.5. --------- banga (turtle); white name SYBIL; b. 10 August 1953 at Mornington
Island; living June 1960; age 6 years 10 months; f. supposedly Y.5 but child born
13 months after his death; m. Tf.13.
Males of Dolnoro Z
Z.1. Ngiltalngati; b. c. 1855; d. c. 1918; shot by white man who came in a boat from
Sweers Island; ran away to top of sand hills at Berumoi and died; aged c. 63
years; f. -----; m. -----; 2 known children, Zf.1, Z,2.
Page 335
Z.2. Dodjongapangati korpanggi (butterfish); b. c. 1880; d. c. 1930; speared in the throat
during a fight on a saltpan at Tjapiluru by V.3; f. Z.1; m. -----; married Tf.4
(widow of Z.3); no children (by Z.2).
Z.3. Markarukingati; b. c. 1890 or earlier; d. c. 1928; speared on a saltpan at Tjapiluru;
f. -----; m. -----;; married Tf.4; 5 children, T.8 (perhaps his stepchild only), Z.6,
Z.7, Zf.3, Zf.4 (by Tf.4).
Z.4. Ngolotalkurunaijarupangati riningati (tiger shark); is said to have left dolnoro Z. and
joined Y.; b. c. 1892; d. c. 1928; killed at Tjapiluru by S.7; aged c. 36 years;
f. -----; m.. -----; married Yf.2; 4 children, Zf.2, Z.8, Zf.5, Zf.6 (all by Yf.2).
Z.5. Dodjonapangati; b. c. 1920; d. c. 1946, of sickness of stomach; f. -----·; m. -----;
married Tf.4, widow of Z.3 and Z.2; no children; also had been promised Sf.23,
who was drowned during a raft voyage to Allen Island in 1947.
Z.6. Bokanaijarupangati; b. c. 1921; d. c. 1944; aged c. 23 years; not married; f. Z.3;
m. Tf.4.
Z.7. Ngiltalngati; b. c. 1923; d, c. 1945; aged c. 22 years; not married; with Z.8 was
killer of S.9; f. Z.3; m. Tf.4.
Z.8. Danitjingati burantant ( ); b. c. 1918; d. 1947 (before June); killed by
S.8; was killer of Uf.10 and jointly with Z.7 killer of S.9; unmarried; f. Z.4;
m. Yf.2.
Z.9. Dodjododjongati (Dodjongapangati); b. c. 1927; d. 1948 of sickness of stomach; aged
c. 20 years; just before his wife left the island in October 1948; f. -----; m. -----;
was newly married to Tf.7 (widow of U.lO) when he died; no children.
Females of Dolnoro Z
Zf.1. BILINAPANGATI bidjarupa (dugong); b. c. 1875; d. c. 1925 at Dolkalatji; aged
c. 50 years; f. Z.1; m. -----; married V.1; 4 children, V.2, Vf.2, V.3, Vf.6
(by V.1.}.
Zf.2. TONDOINGATI danuk (shark} ; white name THELMA; b. 1922; arrived on
Mornington Island 4 August 1947; living June 1960; age 38 years; measured as
BI. no. 27; f. Z.4; m. Yf.2; married unknown, then S.8, S.17; 2 children, Uf.20
(by ?, Sf.28 (by S.8).
Zf.3. DODJONGAPANGATI; b. c. 1925; d. c. 1942 at Dodjongapa; aged c. 16 years; not
married; f. Z.3; m. Tf.4.
Zf.4. KALTURINGATI djolwaki ( ); white name DULCIE BOOTH; b. c. 1928
at Kalturi (in her stepfather’s dolnoro}; arrived on Mornington Island 4 August
1947; living June 1960; age c. 32 years; measured as BI. no. 25; f. Z.3; m. Tf.4;
married S.18, received by S.17 but passed to T.12; 4 children, Tf.l6, Tf.17, T.20,
Tf.19; also two stillborn unsexed children, T.16 and T.18, prior to Tf.l6. Note:
This woman in one place was listed as of dolnero U, but no check was made.
Zf.5. TARUKUNGATI dentjorara (salmon); b. c. 1930; d. c. 1944 of spear wounds inflicted
at Parakuringki claypan apparently by S.8; aged c. 14 years; unmarried; f. Z.4;
m. Yf.2.
Zf.6. DANGKAUKENAIJARUPANGATI (also called TJILIRUNGATI) walpu (raft);
b. c. 1937; d. c. 1943; killed with a spear at Markaruki by S.15, shortly before he
attacked and was killed by the R.A.A.F. man at Milt; aged c. 6 years; f. Z.4;
m. Yf.2.
Male Whose Dolnoro k Unknown and Cannot be Assigned Because of Extra-Tribal Male Parentage
0.1. --------- ; white name Russell; b. 23 November 1953 at Mornington Island shortly
after mother’s arrival from Aurukun; living June 1960; age 6 years 6 months;
f. Nigel Pootdemunka of Kendall River; m. Xf.15.
Page 336
Females Whose Dolnoro is Unknown or Cannot he Assigned Because of Extra-tribal Origin of the Male Parent
Of.l. ---------- NGATI; white name MOLLY; b. c. 1918; arrived on Mornington Island 18
October 1948; d. 13 February 1949, cause of death not given; aged c. 31 years;
f. -----; m. -----; married S.18; no children.
Of.2. MUNUKKA ANJUMBIN (name at Aurukun); white name BEATRICE; b. 10
November 1944; still living at Aurukun June 1960; age 15 years 6 months; not
married; f. Edward Munukka Koondoombin of Aurukun; m. Wf.7.
Of.3. PAMPUTTA pulkududu (crocodile); white name ALMA; b. 20 July 1947 at Aurukun;
arrived on Mornington Island September 1953; living June 1960; age 14 years 10
months; measured as BI. no. 39; f. Robert Kongnampa of Aurukun; m. Xf.15.
Of 4. NDORNDORIN ANJUMBIN (name at Aurukun); white name DAWN, in some
records incorrectly given as LORNA; b. 6 May 1948 at Aurukun; still living at
Aurukun June 1960; age 12 years 1 month; f. Edward Munukka Koondoombin of
Aurukun; m. Wf.7.
Of.5. ---------- wanung (goana); white name BETTY; b. 8 October 1958 at Mornington
Island; living June 1960; age 1 year 7 months; f. Colin Williams, fullblood of
Lardiil tribe, Morningtou Island; m. Yf.4,
Persons who are not Kaiadilt, who have Married, or have had Marital Relationship with them
Extratribal 1. Robert Kongnampa of Aurukun; b. -----; d. October 1948; married Xf.15
on 20 February 1946 at Aurukun; 1 child, Of.3 (by Xf.15).
Extratribal 2. Edward Munukka Koondoombin of Aurukun; b. -----; living June 1960 at
Aurukun; f. -----; m. -----; married Wf.7; 2 children, Of.2 and Of4 (by Wf.7).
Extratribal 3. Nigel Pootdemunka of Kendall River, Queensland; b. -----; living June 1960
at Aurukun; 1 child, O.1 (by Xf.5).
Extratribal 4. Colin Williams; Lardiil tribe of Mornington Island; b. ----; living June 1960
at Mornington Island; 1 child, Of.5 (by Yf.4).
Extratribal 5. IDA; Lardiil tribe of Mornington Island; b. -----; living at Mornington
Island June 1960; f. ----- m. -----; 1 child, Uf.23 (by U.15).
List of Bentinck Islanders and Tindale Sheet number from the State Library of Queensland Index.
Tindale's genealogies were constructed in 1938 or thereabouts.
SLQ file has 2012 date on my PC.
17 Bentinck Island or Bentinck Island 17 refers to Tindale's genealogical sheet
A name may appear on multiple sheets.
B41 refers to a photograph by Tindale.
BENTINCK Djilangati 10 Bentinck Island
BENTINCK 1, 19 Bentinck Island
BENTINCK 10 Bentinck Island
DENTNICK OR BENTINCK 17, 23 Bentinck Island
AURUPUT 10 Bentinck Island
BALIBALI 17 Bentinck Island
BALTAENGATI Hannah 1, 17 Bentinck Island
BALUNBANT 26, 13 Bentinck Island
BANGA Melville 1 Bentinck Island
BARAKURUNGATI Jerry 1 Bentinck Island
BARAKURUNGATI 1 Bentinck Island
BARAKURUNGATI 1 Bentinck Island
BEALURUNGATI 1 Bentinck Island
BENTINCK Djilangati 10 Bentinck Island
BENTINCK 1, 19 Bentinck Island
BENTINCK 10 Bentinck Island
Bentinck Morris Bentinck Island 5
Bentinck Morris Bentinck Island 10
Bentinck Gilbert Bentinck Island 6
Bentinck Paul Bentinck Island 8
Bentinck Paul Bentinck Island 18
Bentinck Shorty Bentinck Island 24
BERUMOINGATI 10 Bentinck Island
BIDJARAP 10 Bentinck Island
BIDJARAP 10 Bentinck Island
BIDJARAP 10, 6 Bentinck Island
BIDJARAP Molly 11 Bentinck Island
BIDJARAPA 11 Bentinck Island
BIDJARAPA 11 Bentinck Island
BIDJARAPA 11 Bentinck Island
BIDJARAPA 11 Bentinck Island
BIDJARAPA 12, 28 Bentinck Island
BIDJARUPA 13 Bentinck Island
BIGFOOT Sarah Bentinck Island 15
BILINABANGATI 13 Bentinck Island
BILTI 13 Bentinck Island
BINJARI Frederick Bentinck Island 11
BINJARI Carmel Bentinck Island 25
BINJARI Carmel Bentinck Island 26
BIRARUKINGATI 13 Bentinck Island
BIRARUKINGATI 13, 14, 32 Bentinck Island
BIRARUKINGATI 14, 9, 17 Bentinck Island
BOLTOKO 15 Bentinck Island
BOROTI 15 Bentinck Island
BURANTAN 15 Bentinck Island
BURANTAN 15, 11 Bentinck Island
BURANTAN 17 Bentinck Island
BUTCHER 17 Bentinck Island
DADAWOKARA 17 Bentinck Island
DANGKANKURUNGATI Tapuroro 17 Bentinck Island
DANGKONGARUPAINGATI 17 Bentinck Island
DANGKURU 17 Bentinck Island
DANITJINGATI 17 Bentinck Island
DAWART 17 Bentinck Island
DENTNICK OR BENTINCK 17, 23 Bentinck Island
DIDJADODJANGATI 17, 23 Bentinck Island
DIDJARAPAN 17, 25 Bentinck Island
DJILANGAND 17, 28 Bentinck Island
DJILNANGATI 17, 28 Bentinck Island
DJOLWAKI 17, 28 Bentinck Island
DODJONAPANGATI 17, 28 Bentinck Island
DOLKALATJINGATI 17, 28 Bentinck Island
DONGKOREINGATI 17, 9 Bentinck Island
DONGKOROIGNATI Kulkitji 18 Bentinck Island
DONGKOROINGATI Kalnjiringati 19, 17, 9 Bentinck Island
DONGKOROINGATI 18, 13 Bentinck Island
DONGKOROINGATI 19, 6, 9 Bentinck Island
DUGAL 2 Bentinck Island
DUNDAMAN Billy Bentinck Island 13
DUNDAMAN Alison Bentinck Island 23
FREDRICK Jack 2 Bentinck Island
GABORI Elsie Bentinck Island B41
GABORI Isabelle Bentinck Island 40
GABORI Maudi Bentinck Island 32
GABORI Pat Bentinck Island 4
GABORI Pat Bentinck Island 14
GABORI Sally Bentinck Island 30
GOONGARRA Dougal Bentinck Island 2
JALUNTA Westie 2 Bentinck Island
JALUNTA 2 Bentinck Island
JINNJILKA 2 Bentinck Island
JINNNY 2 Bentinck Island
JUMUTANGATI Collin 2 Bentinck Island
KABARATJKINGATI Valmae 2 Bentinck Island
KABARATJKINGATI 20 Bentinck Island
KAKOINGATI 20 Bentinck Island
KALNJIRINGATI 20, 8 Bentinck Island
KALTURINGATI 20, 8 Bentinck Island
KALTURINGATI 20, 8 Bentinck Island
KAMARRA Bob Bentinck Island 12
KAMBO 20, 8 Bentinck Island
KAMBU 21 Bentinck Island
KANATU 21, 7 Bentinck Island
KANGARANGATI 22, 3 Bentinck Island
KARDA 23 Bentinck Island
KARWARK 23 Bentinck Island
KAWARK 23 Bentinck Island
KELLY Francis Bentinck Island Frsth7
KELLY Nellie Bentinck Island 35
KELLY Phoebe Bentinck Island 28
KELLY Roma Bentinck Island 16
KELLY Susan Bentinck Island 22
KELLY 23 Bentinck Island
KENAKENA 24 Bentinck Island
KENAKENONABAJANGATI 24 Bentinck Island
KENGARANGATA 24 Bentinck Island
KING ALFRED 24 Bentinck Island
KING ALFRED 24 Bentinck Island
KOAKO 24 Bentinck Island
KONGARANGATI 24 Bentinck Island
KONGARANGATI 24 Bentinck Island
KONGARANGATI 24, 9, 27 Bentinck Island
KONGARANGATI 25 Bentinck Island
KONGARANGATI 26 Bentinck Island
KONGARANGATI 26 Bentinck Island
KORAREINGATI 26 Bentinck Island
KORERUNGATI 26, 15, 17 Bentinck Island
KORPANGI 26, 15, 17 Bentinck Island
KULKIDJ 27 Bentinck Island
KULKIDJI 27 Bentinck Island
KULKIDJI 28 Bentinck Island
KULKITJI 28 Bentinck Island
KULKITJI 28 Bentinck Island
KUNGARANGATI 28 Bentinck Island
LARDIL 28 Bentinck Island
LOKOTI 28, 1 Bentinck Island
LOOGATHA Amy Bentinck Island 33
LOOGATHA Dolly Bentinck Island 38
LOOGATHA Netta Bentinck Island 36
LOOGATHA Percy Bentinck Island 1
LOOGATHA Rhea Bentinck Island 31
LOOGATHA Thelma Bentinck Island 27
MAMBUNG GINGATI 28, 17 Bentinck Island
MANBUNG:GINGATI 28, 17 Bentinck Island
MAPURABANDEITJARUNGATI 29 Bentinck Island
MAPURABANDEITJARUNGATI 29 Bentinck Island
MARDANKINGATI 29, 3 Bentinck Island
MARPURABANDENGJARUNGATI 3 Bentinck Island
MEANNGATI 3 Bentinck Island
MINAKURINGATI 3 Bentinck Island
MINAKURINGATI 3 Bentinck Island
MODOMODONGATI Alfred 30 Bentinck Island
MODOMODONGATI Colin 30 Bentinck Island
MOODOONUTHI Darwin Bentinck Island 3
MOODOONUTHI May Bentinck Island 29
MOODOONUTHI Roland Bentinck Island 37
MOON Alma Bentinck Island 39
MOROKONABAINGATI Jack 30 Bentinck Island
NARANATJIL Dawn Bentinck Island 17
NGALOTALKURUMAIJARAPANGATI Kulkidji 31 Bentinck Island
NGARANGATI 32 Bentinck Island
NGARUMATI 32 Bentinck Island
OJOPONGATI 32 Bentinck Island
PANSY Bentinck Island 34
PAT 32 Bentinck Island
PETERS Shorty 32 Bentinck Island
PIRARKUNGATI Tundoingati 32 Bentinck Island
PIRARUKINGATI 32 Bentinck Island
PLUTO Bentinck Island 9
RE:BAND Valmae 32 Bentinck Island
RHEA 11, 32 Bentinck Island
RINOJALKAURUNGATI 32, 11 Bentinck Island
RIVERSLEY 33 Bentinck Island
ROMA Mollie 33 Bentinck Island
RONGKORORANGATI Tjariru 33 Bentinck Island
ROONGA Bitangati 33 Bentinck Island
ROONGA Kulkidji 33, 17 Bentinck Island
ROONGA 33 Bentinck Island
ROONGA Bentinck Island 20
ROONGA 33, 25 Bentinck Island
ROTJOROTJONGATI Roma 17, 25, 33 Bentinck Island
SHORTY Sylvia Bentinck Island 42
TADAOKA 4 Bentinck Island
TADULKINGATI 4 Bentinck Island
TADULKINGATI 4,11, 12 Bentinck Island
TARUKINGATI 4, 1917 Bentinck Island
TARUKINGATI 4, 1933 Bentinck Island
TARUKUNGATI 5, 1914 Bentinck Island
TARUKUNGATI 6 Bentinck Island
TARURUKINGATI 6 Bentinck Island
TARURUKINGATI 6 Bentinck Island
TJAPARDU 6 Bentinck Island
TJARDARUKI 6 Bentinck Island
TJILANGANDA 6 Bentinck Island
TJILANGIND 6, 3 Bentinck Island
TJOANDA 6, 3 Bentinck Island
TJODJONGATORANGATI 6, 9, 17 Bentinck Island
TJUDABIRI 7 Bentinck Island
TOATA 7 Bentinck Island
TOATA 7, 2 Bentinck Island
TOATA 8 Bentinck Island
TONDOINGATI Maudie 8, 23 Bentinck Island
TONDOINGATI 8 Bentinck Island
TONDOINGATI 8, 23 Bentinck Island
TORURONGATI 9 Bentinck Island
TUNDUINGATI Percy 9 Bentinck Island
VENUS Bentinck Island 21
WALPO 9 Bentinck Island
WANGALKOANGATI 9 Bentinck Island
WARANTJINGATI 9 Bentinck Island
WE:RUNGATI 9 Bentinck Island
WENENGATI 9 Bentinck Island
WESTIE 9 Bentinck Island
WILLIAM 9 Bentinck Island
WINDARU 9 Bentinck Island
WOMBAMAKATAROPANGATI 9 Bentinck Island
WOMBAMAKUTARUPANGATI 9, 24 Bentinck Island
WOMBOMAKUTARUPANGITI 9, 3 Bentinck Island
YARAK 9, 8 Bentinck Island
YARRAK Jack Bentinck Island 7
YARRAK Jenny Bentinck Island 19
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